From f9e840b65700e1cdff6d066d39c163bac936d046 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Markus Stockhausen Date: Tue, 5 Jul 2022 08:46:21 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] scripts: add CAMEO tag generator This script inserts CAMEO tags into an uImage to make U-Boot of DGS-1210 switches happy. Signed-off-by: Markus Stockhausen Suggested-by: Sander Vanheule # Mutual checksum algorithm [commit title prefix, trailing whitespace, OpenWrt capitalisation, move CRC calculation comment, use UIMAGE_NAME_*, remove parentheses for return, use f-string instead of str()] Signed-off-by: Sander Vanheule --- scripts/cameo-tag.py | 117 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+) create mode 100755 scripts/cameo-tag.py diff --git a/scripts/cameo-tag.py b/scripts/cameo-tag.py new file mode 100755 index 00000000000..643dd387e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/cameo-tag.py @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +#!/usr/bin/python3 +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +# +# Copyright (C) 2022 OpenWrt.org +# +# ./cameo-tag.py +# +# CAMEO tag generator used for the D-Link DGS-1210 switches. Their U-Boot +# loader checks for the string CAMEOTAG and a checksum in the kernel and +# rootfs partitions. If not found it complains about the boot image. +# Nevertheless it will boot if the tags are available in the secondary +# boot partitions. If some day we want to overwrite the original vendor +# partition we must have the tags in place. To solve this we insert the +# tag two times into the kernel image. +# +# To understand what we do here it is helpful to explain how the original +# CAMEO tag generation/checking works. The firmware consists of two parts. +# A kernel uImage (<1.5MB) and a rootfs image (<12MB) that are written to +# their respective mtd partitions. The default generator simply checksums +# both parts and appends 16 bytes [<0001>] to each part. +# The checksum is only an addition of all preceding bytes (b0+b1+b2+...). +# A tag does not interfere with any data in the images itself. During boot +# the loader will scan all primary/secondary partitions (2*kernel, 2*rootfs) +# until it finds the CAMEO tag. If checksums match everything is fine. +# If all 4 fail we are lost. Luckily the loader does not care about where +# the tags are located and ignores any data beyond a tag. +# +# The OpenWrt image consists of a kernel (>1.5MB) and a rootfs. There is +# no chance to add CAMEO tags at the default locations, since the kernel spans +# both the original kernel partition and the start of the rootfs partition. +# This would leave the kernel partition without a tag. So we must find suitable +# space. +# +# Location for original kernel partition is at the end of the uImage header. +# We will reuse the last bytes of the IH_NAME field. This is the tricky part +# because we have the header CRC and the CAMEO checksum that must match the +# whole header. uImage header CRC checksums all data except the CRC itself. The +# for CAMEO checksum in turn, checksums all preceding data except itself. +# Changing one of both results in a change of the other, but data trailing the +# CAMEO checksum only influences the CRC. +# +# Location for original rootfs partition is very simple. It is behind the +# OpenWrt compressed kernel image file that spans into the rootfs. So +# the tag will be written somewhere to the following rootfs partition and +# can be found by U-Boot. The CAMEO checksum calculation must start at the +# offset of the original rootfs partition and includes the "second" half of the +# "split" kernel uImage. + +import argparse +import os +import zlib + +READ_UNTIL_EOF = -1 +UIMAGE_HEADER_SIZE = 64 +UIMAGE_CRC_SLICE = 4 +UIMAGE_CRC_END = 8 +UIMAGE_NAME_OFF = 32 +UIMAGE_NAME_END = 56 +UIMAGE_SUM_OFF = 56 +UIMAGE_SUM_END = 60 +UIMAGE_INV_OFF = 60 +UIMAGE_INV_END = 64 +CAMEO_TAG = bytes([0x43, 0x41, 0x4d, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x54, 0x41, 0x47, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01]) +IMAGE_NAME = bytes([0x4f, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x57, 0x72, 0x74, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]) +CRC_00 = bytes([0x00] * 4) +CRC_FF = bytes([0xff] * 4) + +def read_buffer(offset, count): + args.uimage_file.seek(offset) + return bytearray(args.uimage_file.read(count)) + +def write_buffer(whence, buf): + args.uimage_file.seek(0, whence) + args.uimage_file.write(buf) + +def cameosum(buf): + return (sum(buf) & 0xffffffff).to_bytes(4, 'big') + +def invertcrc(buf): + return (zlib.crc32(buf) ^ 0xffffffff).to_bytes(4, 'little') + +def checksum_header(buf): + # To efficently get a combination, we will make use of the following fact: + # crc32(data + littleendian(crc32(data) ^ 0xffffffff)) = 0xffffffff + # + # After manipulation the uImage header looks like this: + # [......<000000><0001>] + buf[UIMAGE_NAME_OFF:UIMAGE_NAME_END] = IMAGE_NAME + CAMEO_TAG + buf[UIMAGE_CRC_OFF:UIMAGE_CRC_END] = CRC_FF + buf[UIMAGE_SUM_OFF:UIMAGE_SUM_END] = cameosum(buf[0:UIMAGE_NAME_END]) + buf[UIMAGE_CRC_OFF:UIMAGE_CRC_END] = CRC_00 + buf[UIMAGE_INV_OFF:UIMAGE_INV_END] = invertcrc(buf[0:UIMAGE_SUM_END]) + buf[UIMAGE_CRC_OFF:UIMAGE_CRC_END] = CRC_FF + return buf + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Insert CAMEO firmware tags.') +parser.add_argument('uimage_file', type=argparse.FileType('r+b')) +parser.add_argument('rootfs_start', type=int) +args = parser.parse_args() + +args.uimage_file.seek(0, os.SEEK_END) +if args.uimage_file.tell() <= args.rootfs_start: + raise ValueError(f"uImage must be larger than {args.rootfs_start} bytes") + +# tag for the uImage Header of 64 bytes inside the kernel +# partition. Read and mangle it so it contains a valid CAMEO tag +# and checksum that matches perfectly to the uImage header CRC. + +buf = checksum_header(read_buffer(0, UIMAGE_HEADER_SIZE)) +write_buffer(os.SEEK_SET, buf) + +# tag for the second part of the kernel that resides in the +# vendor rootfs partition. For this we will add the CAMEO tag +# and the checksum to the end of the image. + +buf = read_buffer(args.rootfs_start, READ_UNTIL_EOF) +write_buffer(os.SEEK_END, CAMEO_TAG + cameosum(buf + CAMEO_TAG)) -- 2.30.2