From: Mauro Carvalho Chehab Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 15:34:59 +0000 (-0300) Subject: docs: driver-model: move it to the driver-api book X-Git-Url: http://git.lede-project.org./?a=commitdiff_plain;h=fe34c89d25429e079ba67416529514120dd715f8;p=openwrt%2Fstaging%2Fblogic.git docs: driver-model: move it to the driver-api book The audience for the Kernel driver-model is clearly Kernel hackers. Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab Acked-by: Jeff Kirsher # ice driver changes --- diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/binding.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/binding.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..7ea1d7a41e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/binding.rst @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +============== +Driver Binding +============== + +Driver binding is the process of associating a device with a device +driver that can control it. Bus drivers have typically handled this +because there have been bus-specific structures to represent the +devices and the drivers. With generic device and device driver +structures, most of the binding can take place using common code. + + +Bus +~~~ + +The bus type structure contains a list of all devices that are on that bus +type in the system. When device_register is called for a device, it is +inserted into the end of this list. The bus object also contains a +list of all drivers of that bus type. When driver_register is called +for a driver, it is inserted at the end of this list. These are the +two events which trigger driver binding. + + +device_register +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When a new device is added, the bus's list of drivers is iterated over +to find one that supports it. In order to determine that, the device +ID of the device must match one of the device IDs that the driver +supports. The format and semantics for comparing IDs is bus-specific. +Instead of trying to derive a complex state machine and matching +algorithm, it is up to the bus driver to provide a callback to compare +a device against the IDs of a driver. The bus returns 1 if a match was +found; 0 otherwise. + +int match(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv); + +If a match is found, the device's driver field is set to the driver +and the driver's probe callback is called. This gives the driver a +chance to verify that it really does support the hardware, and that +it's in a working state. + +Device Class +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Upon the successful completion of probe, the device is registered with +the class to which it belongs. Device drivers belong to one and only one +class, and that is set in the driver's devclass field. +devclass_add_device is called to enumerate the device within the class +and actually register it with the class, which happens with the +class's register_dev callback. + + +Driver +~~~~~~ + +When a driver is attached to a device, the device is inserted into the +driver's list of devices. + + +sysfs +~~~~~ + +A symlink is created in the bus's 'devices' directory that points to +the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. + +A symlink is created in the driver's 'devices' directory that points +to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. + +A directory for the device is created in the class's directory. A +symlink is created in that directory that points to the device's +physical location in the sysfs tree. + +A symlink can be created (though this isn't done yet) in the device's +physical directory to either its class directory, or the class's +top-level directory. One can also be created to point to its driver's +directory also. + + +driver_register +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The process is almost identical for when a new driver is added. +The bus's list of devices is iterated over to find a match. Devices +that already have a driver are skipped. All the devices are iterated +over, to bind as many devices as possible to the driver. + + +Removal +~~~~~~~ + +When a device is removed, the reference count for it will eventually +go to 0. When it does, the remove callback of the driver is called. It +is removed from the driver's list of devices and the reference count +of the driver is decremented. All symlinks between the two are removed. + +When a driver is removed, the list of devices that it supports is +iterated over, and the driver's remove callback is called for each +one. The device is removed from that list and the symlinks removed. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/bus.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/bus.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..016b15a6e8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/bus.rst @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +========= +Bus Types +========= + +Definition +~~~~~~~~~~ +See the kerneldoc for the struct bus_type. + +int bus_register(struct bus_type * bus); + + +Declaration +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each bus type in the kernel (PCI, USB, etc) should declare one static +object of this type. They must initialize the name field, and may +optionally initialize the match callback:: + + struct bus_type pci_bus_type = { + .name = "pci", + .match = pci_bus_match, + }; + +The structure should be exported to drivers in a header file: + +extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type; + + +Registration +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When a bus driver is initialized, it calls bus_register. This +initializes the rest of the fields in the bus object and inserts it +into a global list of bus types. Once the bus object is registered, +the fields in it are usable by the bus driver. + + +Callbacks +~~~~~~~~~ + +match(): Attaching Drivers to Devices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The format of device ID structures and the semantics for comparing +them are inherently bus-specific. Drivers typically declare an array +of device IDs of devices they support that reside in a bus-specific +driver structure. + +The purpose of the match callback is to give the bus an opportunity to +determine if a particular driver supports a particular device by +comparing the device IDs the driver supports with the device ID of a +particular device, without sacrificing bus-specific functionality or +type-safety. + +When a driver is registered with the bus, the bus's list of devices is +iterated over, and the match callback is called for each device that +does not have a driver associated with it. + + + +Device and Driver Lists +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The lists of devices and drivers are intended to replace the local +lists that many buses keep. They are lists of struct devices and +struct device_drivers, respectively. Bus drivers are free to use the +lists as they please, but conversion to the bus-specific type may be +necessary. + +The LDM core provides helper functions for iterating over each list:: + + int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, + void * data, + int (*fn)(struct device *, void *)); + + int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start, + void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *)); + +These helpers iterate over the respective list, and call the callback +for each device or driver in the list. All list accesses are +synchronized by taking the bus's lock (read currently). The reference +count on each object in the list is incremented before the callback is +called; it is decremented after the next object has been obtained. The +lock is not held when calling the callback. + + +sysfs +~~~~~~~~ +There is a top-level directory named 'bus'. + +Each bus gets a directory in the bus directory, along with two default +directories:: + + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + `-- drivers + +Drivers registered with the bus get a directory in the bus's drivers +directory:: + + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + `-- drivers + |-- Intel ICH + |-- Intel ICH Joystick + |-- agpgart + `-- e100 + +Each device that is discovered on a bus of that type gets a symlink in +the bus's devices directory to the device's directory in the physical +hierarchy:: + + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + | |-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:00.0 + | |-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:01.0 + | `-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:02.0 + `-- drivers + + +Exporting Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + struct bus_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct bus_type *, char * buf); + ssize_t (*store)(struct bus_type *, const char * buf, size_t count); + }; + +Bus drivers can export attributes using the BUS_ATTR_RW macro that works +similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR_RW macro for devices. For example, a +definition like this:: + + static BUS_ATTR_RW(debug); + +is equivalent to declaring:: + + static bus_attribute bus_attr_debug; + +This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the bus's +sysfs directory using:: + + int bus_create_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *); + void bus_remove_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *); diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/class.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/class.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..fff55b80e86a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/class.rst @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +============== +Device Classes +============== + +Introduction +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A device class describes a type of device, like an audio or network +device. The following device classes have been identified: + + + + +Each device class defines a set of semantics and a programming interface +that devices of that class adhere to. Device drivers are the +implementation of that programming interface for a particular device on +a particular bus. + +Device classes are agnostic with respect to what bus a device resides +on. + + +Programming Interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The device class structure looks like:: + + + typedef int (*devclass_add)(struct device *); + typedef void (*devclass_remove)(struct device *); + +See the kerneldoc for the struct class. + +A typical device class definition would look like:: + + struct device_class input_devclass = { + .name = "input", + .add_device = input_add_device, + .remove_device = input_remove_device, + }; + +Each device class structure should be exported in a header file so it +can be used by drivers, extensions and interfaces. + +Device classes are registered and unregistered with the core using:: + + int devclass_register(struct device_class * cls); + void devclass_unregister(struct device_class * cls); + + +Devices +~~~~~~~ +As devices are bound to drivers, they are added to the device class +that the driver belongs to. Before the driver model core, this would +typically happen during the driver's probe() callback, once the device +has been initialized. It now happens after the probe() callback +finishes from the core. + +The device is enumerated in the class. Each time a device is added to +the class, the class's devnum field is incremented and assigned to the +device. The field is never decremented, so if the device is removed +from the class and re-added, it will receive a different enumerated +value. + +The class is allowed to create a class-specific structure for the +device and store it in the device's class_data pointer. + +There is no list of devices in the device class. Each driver has a +list of devices that it supports. The device class has a list of +drivers of that particular class. To access all of the devices in the +class, iterate over the device lists of each driver in the class. + + +Device Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Device drivers are added to device classes when they are registered +with the core. A driver specifies the class it belongs to by setting +the struct device_driver::devclass field. + + +sysfs directory structure +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +There is a top-level sysfs directory named 'class'. + +Each class gets a directory in the class directory, along with two +default subdirectories:: + + class/ + `-- input + |-- devices + `-- drivers + + +Drivers registered with the class get a symlink in the drivers/ directory +that points to the driver's directory (under its bus directory):: + + class/ + `-- input + |-- devices + `-- drivers + `-- usb:usb_mouse -> ../../../bus/drivers/usb_mouse/ + + +Each device gets a symlink in the devices/ directory that points to the +device's directory in the physical hierarchy:: + + class/ + `-- input + |-- devices + | `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/ + `-- drivers + + +Exporting Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + struct devclass_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct device_class *, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off); + ssize_t (*store)(struct device_class *, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off); + }; + +Class drivers can export attributes using the DEVCLASS_ATTR macro that works +similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR macro for devices. For example, a definition +like this:: + + static DEVCLASS_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug); + +is equivalent to declaring:: + + static devclass_attribute devclass_attr_debug; + +The bus driver can add and remove the attribute from the class's +sysfs directory using:: + + int devclass_create_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *); + void devclass_remove_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *); + +In the example above, the file will be named 'debug' in placed in the +class's directory in sysfs. + + +Interfaces +~~~~~~~~~~ +There may exist multiple mechanisms for accessing the same device of a +particular class type. Device interfaces describe these mechanisms. + +When a device is added to a device class, the core attempts to add it +to every interface that is registered with the device class. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/design-patterns.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/design-patterns.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..41eb8f41f7dd --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/design-patterns.rst @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +============================= +Device Driver Design Patterns +============================= + +This document describes a few common design patterns found in device drivers. +It is likely that subsystem maintainers will ask driver developers to +conform to these design patterns. + +1. State Container +2. container_of() + + +1. State Container +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +While the kernel contains a few device drivers that assume that they will +only be probed() once on a certain system (singletons), it is custom to assume +that the device the driver binds to will appear in several instances. This +means that the probe() function and all callbacks need to be reentrant. + +The most common way to achieve this is to use the state container design +pattern. It usually has this form:: + + struct foo { + spinlock_t lock; /* Example member */ + (...) + }; + + static int foo_probe(...) + { + struct foo *foo; + + foo = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*foo), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!foo) + return -ENOMEM; + spin_lock_init(&foo->lock); + (...) + } + +This will create an instance of struct foo in memory every time probe() is +called. This is our state container for this instance of the device driver. +Of course it is then necessary to always pass this instance of the +state around to all functions that need access to the state and its members. + +For example, if the driver is registering an interrupt handler, you would +pass around a pointer to struct foo like this:: + + static irqreturn_t foo_handler(int irq, void *arg) + { + struct foo *foo = arg; + (...) + } + + static int foo_probe(...) + { + struct foo *foo; + + (...) + ret = request_irq(irq, foo_handler, 0, "foo", foo); + } + +This way you always get a pointer back to the correct instance of foo in +your interrupt handler. + + +2. container_of() +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Continuing on the above example we add an offloaded work:: + + struct foo { + spinlock_t lock; + struct workqueue_struct *wq; + struct work_struct offload; + (...) + }; + + static void foo_work(struct work_struct *work) + { + struct foo *foo = container_of(work, struct foo, offload); + + (...) + } + + static irqreturn_t foo_handler(int irq, void *arg) + { + struct foo *foo = arg; + + queue_work(foo->wq, &foo->offload); + (...) + } + + static int foo_probe(...) + { + struct foo *foo; + + foo->wq = create_singlethread_workqueue("foo-wq"); + INIT_WORK(&foo->offload, foo_work); + (...) + } + +The design pattern is the same for an hrtimer or something similar that will +return a single argument which is a pointer to a struct member in the +callback. + +container_of() is a macro defined in + +What container_of() does is to obtain a pointer to the containing struct from +a pointer to a member by a simple subtraction using the offsetof() macro from +standard C, which allows something similar to object oriented behaviours. +Notice that the contained member must not be a pointer, but an actual member +for this to work. + +We can see here that we avoid having global pointers to our struct foo * +instance this way, while still keeping the number of parameters passed to the +work function to a single pointer. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/device.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/device.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..2b868d49d349 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/device.rst @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +========================== +The Basic Device Structure +========================== + +See the kerneldoc for the struct device. + + +Programming Interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The bus driver that discovers the device uses this to register the +device with the core:: + + int device_register(struct device * dev); + +The bus should initialize the following fields: + + - parent + - name + - bus_id + - bus + +A device is removed from the core when its reference count goes to +0. The reference count can be adjusted using:: + + struct device * get_device(struct device * dev); + void put_device(struct device * dev); + +get_device() will return a pointer to the struct device passed to it +if the reference is not already 0 (if it's in the process of being +removed already). + +A driver can access the lock in the device structure using:: + + void lock_device(struct device * dev); + void unlock_device(struct device * dev); + + +Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + struct device_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, + char *buf); + ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, size_t count); + }; + +Attributes of devices can be exported by a device driver through sysfs. + +Please see Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt for more information +on how sysfs works. + +As explained in Documentation/kobject.txt, device attributes must be +created before the KOBJ_ADD uevent is generated. The only way to realize +that is by defining an attribute group. + +Attributes are declared using a macro called DEVICE_ATTR:: + + #define DEVICE_ATTR(name,mode,show,store) + +Example::: + + static DEVICE_ATTR(type, 0444, show_type, NULL); + static DEVICE_ATTR(power, 0644, show_power, store_power); + +This declares two structures of type struct device_attribute with respective +names 'dev_attr_type' and 'dev_attr_power'. These two attributes can be +organized as follows into a group:: + + static struct attribute *dev_attrs[] = { + &dev_attr_type.attr, + &dev_attr_power.attr, + NULL, + }; + + static struct attribute_group dev_attr_group = { + .attrs = dev_attrs, + }; + + static const struct attribute_group *dev_attr_groups[] = { + &dev_attr_group, + NULL, + }; + +This array of groups can then be associated with a device by setting the +group pointer in struct device before device_register() is invoked:: + + dev->groups = dev_attr_groups; + device_register(dev); + +The device_register() function will use the 'groups' pointer to create the +device attributes and the device_unregister() function will use this pointer +to remove the device attributes. + +Word of warning: While the kernel allows device_create_file() and +device_remove_file() to be called on a device at any time, userspace has +strict expectations on when attributes get created. When a new device is +registered in the kernel, a uevent is generated to notify userspace (like +udev) that a new device is available. If attributes are added after the +device is registered, then userspace won't get notified and userspace will +not know about the new attributes. + +This is important for device driver that need to publish additional +attributes for a device at driver probe time. If the device driver simply +calls device_create_file() on the device structure passed to it, then +userspace will never be notified of the new attributes. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/devres.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/devres.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..4ac99122b5f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/devres.rst @@ -0,0 +1,414 @@ +================================ +Devres - Managed Device Resource +================================ + +Tejun Heo + +First draft 10 January 2007 + +.. contents + + 1. Intro : Huh? Devres? + 2. Devres : Devres in a nutshell + 3. Devres Group : Group devres'es and release them together + 4. Details : Life time rules, calling context, ... + 5. Overhead : How much do we have to pay for this? + 6. List of managed interfaces: Currently implemented managed interfaces + + +1. Intro +-------- + +devres came up while trying to convert libata to use iomap. Each +iomapped address should be kept and unmapped on driver detach. For +example, a plain SFF ATA controller (that is, good old PCI IDE) in +native mode makes use of 5 PCI BARs and all of them should be +maintained. + +As with many other device drivers, libata low level drivers have +sufficient bugs in ->remove and ->probe failure path. Well, yes, +that's probably because libata low level driver developers are lazy +bunch, but aren't all low level driver developers? After spending a +day fiddling with braindamaged hardware with no document or +braindamaged document, if it's finally working, well, it's working. + +For one reason or another, low level drivers don't receive as much +attention or testing as core code, and bugs on driver detach or +initialization failure don't happen often enough to be noticeable. +Init failure path is worse because it's much less travelled while +needs to handle multiple entry points. + +So, many low level drivers end up leaking resources on driver detach +and having half broken failure path implementation in ->probe() which +would leak resources or even cause oops when failure occurs. iomap +adds more to this mix. So do msi and msix. + + +2. Devres +--------- + +devres is basically linked list of arbitrarily sized memory areas +associated with a struct device. Each devres entry is associated with +a release function. A devres can be released in several ways. No +matter what, all devres entries are released on driver detach. On +release, the associated release function is invoked and then the +devres entry is freed. + +Managed interface is created for resources commonly used by device +drivers using devres. For example, coherent DMA memory is acquired +using dma_alloc_coherent(). The managed version is called +dmam_alloc_coherent(). It is identical to dma_alloc_coherent() except +for the DMA memory allocated using it is managed and will be +automatically released on driver detach. Implementation looks like +the following:: + + struct dma_devres { + size_t size; + void *vaddr; + dma_addr_t dma_handle; + }; + + static void dmam_coherent_release(struct device *dev, void *res) + { + struct dma_devres *this = res; + + dma_free_coherent(dev, this->size, this->vaddr, this->dma_handle); + } + + dmam_alloc_coherent(dev, size, dma_handle, gfp) + { + struct dma_devres *dr; + void *vaddr; + + dr = devres_alloc(dmam_coherent_release, sizeof(*dr), gfp); + ... + + /* alloc DMA memory as usual */ + vaddr = dma_alloc_coherent(...); + ... + + /* record size, vaddr, dma_handle in dr */ + dr->vaddr = vaddr; + ... + + devres_add(dev, dr); + + return vaddr; + } + +If a driver uses dmam_alloc_coherent(), the area is guaranteed to be +freed whether initialization fails half-way or the device gets +detached. If most resources are acquired using managed interface, a +driver can have much simpler init and exit code. Init path basically +looks like the following:: + + my_init_one() + { + struct mydev *d; + + d = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*d), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!d) + return -ENOMEM; + + d->ring = dmam_alloc_coherent(...); + if (!d->ring) + return -ENOMEM; + + if (check something) + return -EINVAL; + ... + + return register_to_upper_layer(d); + } + +And exit path:: + + my_remove_one() + { + unregister_from_upper_layer(d); + shutdown_my_hardware(); + } + +As shown above, low level drivers can be simplified a lot by using +devres. Complexity is shifted from less maintained low level drivers +to better maintained higher layer. Also, as init failure path is +shared with exit path, both can get more testing. + +Note though that when converting current calls or assignments to +managed devm_* versions it is up to you to check if internal operations +like allocating memory, have failed. Managed resources pertains to the +freeing of these resources *only* - all other checks needed are still +on you. In some cases this may mean introducing checks that were not +necessary before moving to the managed devm_* calls. + + +3. Devres group +--------------- + +Devres entries can be grouped using devres group. When a group is +released, all contained normal devres entries and properly nested +groups are released. One usage is to rollback series of acquired +resources on failure. For example:: + + if (!devres_open_group(dev, NULL, GFP_KERNEL)) + return -ENOMEM; + + acquire A; + if (failed) + goto err; + + acquire B; + if (failed) + goto err; + ... + + devres_remove_group(dev, NULL); + return 0; + + err: + devres_release_group(dev, NULL); + return err_code; + +As resource acquisition failure usually means probe failure, constructs +like above are usually useful in midlayer driver (e.g. libata core +layer) where interface function shouldn't have side effect on failure. +For LLDs, just returning error code suffices in most cases. + +Each group is identified by `void *id`. It can either be explicitly +specified by @id argument to devres_open_group() or automatically +created by passing NULL as @id as in the above example. In both +cases, devres_open_group() returns the group's id. The returned id +can be passed to other devres functions to select the target group. +If NULL is given to those functions, the latest open group is +selected. + +For example, you can do something like the following:: + + int my_midlayer_create_something() + { + if (!devres_open_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something, GFP_KERNEL)) + return -ENOMEM; + + ... + + devres_close_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something); + return 0; + } + + void my_midlayer_destroy_something() + { + devres_release_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something); + } + + +4. Details +---------- + +Lifetime of a devres entry begins on devres allocation and finishes +when it is released or destroyed (removed and freed) - no reference +counting. + +devres core guarantees atomicity to all basic devres operations and +has support for single-instance devres types (atomic +lookup-and-add-if-not-found). Other than that, synchronizing +concurrent accesses to allocated devres data is caller's +responsibility. This is usually non-issue because bus ops and +resource allocations already do the job. + +For an example of single-instance devres type, read pcim_iomap_table() +in lib/devres.c. + +All devres interface functions can be called without context if the +right gfp mask is given. + + +5. Overhead +----------- + +Each devres bookkeeping info is allocated together with requested data +area. With debug option turned off, bookkeeping info occupies 16 +bytes on 32bit machines and 24 bytes on 64bit (three pointers rounded +up to ull alignment). If singly linked list is used, it can be +reduced to two pointers (8 bytes on 32bit, 16 bytes on 64bit). + +Each devres group occupies 8 pointers. It can be reduced to 6 if +singly linked list is used. + +Memory space overhead on ahci controller with two ports is between 300 +and 400 bytes on 32bit machine after naive conversion (we can +certainly invest a bit more effort into libata core layer). + + +6. List of managed interfaces +----------------------------- + +CLOCK + devm_clk_get() + devm_clk_get_optional() + devm_clk_put() + devm_clk_hw_register() + devm_of_clk_add_hw_provider() + devm_clk_hw_register_clkdev() + +DMA + dmaenginem_async_device_register() + dmam_alloc_coherent() + dmam_alloc_attrs() + dmam_free_coherent() + dmam_pool_create() + dmam_pool_destroy() + +DRM + devm_drm_dev_init() + +GPIO + devm_gpiod_get() + devm_gpiod_get_index() + devm_gpiod_get_index_optional() + devm_gpiod_get_optional() + devm_gpiod_put() + devm_gpiod_unhinge() + devm_gpiochip_add_data() + devm_gpio_request() + devm_gpio_request_one() + devm_gpio_free() + +I2C + devm_i2c_new_dummy_device() + +IIO + devm_iio_device_alloc() + devm_iio_device_free() + devm_iio_device_register() + devm_iio_device_unregister() + devm_iio_kfifo_allocate() + devm_iio_kfifo_free() + devm_iio_triggered_buffer_setup() + devm_iio_triggered_buffer_cleanup() + devm_iio_trigger_alloc() + devm_iio_trigger_free() + devm_iio_trigger_register() + devm_iio_trigger_unregister() + devm_iio_channel_get() + devm_iio_channel_release() + devm_iio_channel_get_all() + devm_iio_channel_release_all() + +INPUT + devm_input_allocate_device() + +IO region + devm_release_mem_region() + devm_release_region() + devm_release_resource() + devm_request_mem_region() + devm_request_region() + devm_request_resource() + +IOMAP + devm_ioport_map() + devm_ioport_unmap() + devm_ioremap() + devm_ioremap_nocache() + devm_ioremap_wc() + devm_ioremap_resource() : checks resource, requests memory region, ioremaps + devm_iounmap() + pcim_iomap() + pcim_iomap_regions() : do request_region() and iomap() on multiple BARs + pcim_iomap_table() : array of mapped addresses indexed by BAR + pcim_iounmap() + +IRQ + devm_free_irq() + devm_request_any_context_irq() + devm_request_irq() + devm_request_threaded_irq() + devm_irq_alloc_descs() + devm_irq_alloc_desc() + devm_irq_alloc_desc_at() + devm_irq_alloc_desc_from() + devm_irq_alloc_descs_from() + devm_irq_alloc_generic_chip() + devm_irq_setup_generic_chip() + devm_irq_sim_init() + +LED + devm_led_classdev_register() + devm_led_classdev_unregister() + +MDIO + devm_mdiobus_alloc() + devm_mdiobus_alloc_size() + devm_mdiobus_free() + +MEM + devm_free_pages() + devm_get_free_pages() + devm_kasprintf() + devm_kcalloc() + devm_kfree() + devm_kmalloc() + devm_kmalloc_array() + devm_kmemdup() + devm_kstrdup() + devm_kvasprintf() + devm_kzalloc() + +MFD + devm_mfd_add_devices() + +MUX + devm_mux_chip_alloc() + devm_mux_chip_register() + devm_mux_control_get() + +PER-CPU MEM + devm_alloc_percpu() + devm_free_percpu() + +PCI + devm_pci_alloc_host_bridge() : managed PCI host bridge allocation + devm_pci_remap_cfgspace() : ioremap PCI configuration space + devm_pci_remap_cfg_resource() : ioremap PCI configuration space resource + pcim_enable_device() : after success, all PCI ops become managed + pcim_pin_device() : keep PCI device enabled after release + +PHY + devm_usb_get_phy() + devm_usb_put_phy() + +PINCTRL + devm_pinctrl_get() + devm_pinctrl_put() + devm_pinctrl_register() + devm_pinctrl_unregister() + +POWER + devm_reboot_mode_register() + devm_reboot_mode_unregister() + +PWM + devm_pwm_get() + devm_pwm_put() + +REGULATOR + devm_regulator_bulk_get() + devm_regulator_get() + devm_regulator_put() + devm_regulator_register() + +RESET + devm_reset_control_get() + devm_reset_controller_register() + +SERDEV + devm_serdev_device_open() + +SLAVE DMA ENGINE + devm_acpi_dma_controller_register() + +SPI + devm_spi_register_master() + +WATCHDOG + devm_watchdog_register_device() diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..11d281506a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst @@ -0,0 +1,223 @@ +============== +Device Drivers +============== + +See the kerneldoc for the struct device_driver. + + +Allocation +~~~~~~~~~~ + +Device drivers are statically allocated structures. Though there may +be multiple devices in a system that a driver supports, struct +device_driver represents the driver as a whole (not a particular +device instance). + +Initialization +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The driver must initialize at least the name and bus fields. It should +also initialize the devclass field (when it arrives), so it may obtain +the proper linkage internally. It should also initialize as many of +the callbacks as possible, though each is optional. + +Declaration +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +As stated above, struct device_driver objects are statically +allocated. Below is an example declaration of the eepro100 +driver. This declaration is hypothetical only; it relies on the driver +being converted completely to the new model:: + + static struct device_driver eepro100_driver = { + .name = "eepro100", + .bus = &pci_bus_type, + + .probe = eepro100_probe, + .remove = eepro100_remove, + .suspend = eepro100_suspend, + .resume = eepro100_resume, + }; + +Most drivers will not be able to be converted completely to the new +model because the bus they belong to has a bus-specific structure with +bus-specific fields that cannot be generalized. + +The most common example of this are device ID structures. A driver +typically defines an array of device IDs that it supports. The format +of these structures and the semantics for comparing device IDs are +completely bus-specific. Defining them as bus-specific entities would +sacrifice type-safety, so we keep bus-specific structures around. + +Bus-specific drivers should include a generic struct device_driver in +the definition of the bus-specific driver. Like this:: + + struct pci_driver { + const struct pci_device_id *id_table; + struct device_driver driver; + }; + +A definition that included bus-specific fields would look like +(using the eepro100 driver again):: + + static struct pci_driver eepro100_driver = { + .id_table = eepro100_pci_tbl, + .driver = { + .name = "eepro100", + .bus = &pci_bus_type, + .probe = eepro100_probe, + .remove = eepro100_remove, + .suspend = eepro100_suspend, + .resume = eepro100_resume, + }, + }; + +Some may find the syntax of embedded struct initialization awkward or +even a bit ugly. So far, it's the best way we've found to do what we want... + +Registration +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + int driver_register(struct device_driver *drv); + +The driver registers the structure on startup. For drivers that have +no bus-specific fields (i.e. don't have a bus-specific driver +structure), they would use driver_register and pass a pointer to their +struct device_driver object. + +Most drivers, however, will have a bus-specific structure and will +need to register with the bus using something like pci_driver_register. + +It is important that drivers register their driver structure as early as +possible. Registration with the core initializes several fields in the +struct device_driver object, including the reference count and the +lock. These fields are assumed to be valid at all times and may be +used by the device model core or the bus driver. + + +Transition Bus Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By defining wrapper functions, the transition to the new model can be +made easier. Drivers can ignore the generic structure altogether and +let the bus wrapper fill in the fields. For the callbacks, the bus can +define generic callbacks that forward the call to the bus-specific +callbacks of the drivers. + +This solution is intended to be only temporary. In order to get class +information in the driver, the drivers must be modified anyway. Since +converting drivers to the new model should reduce some infrastructural +complexity and code size, it is recommended that they are converted as +class information is added. + +Access +~~~~~~ + +Once the object has been registered, it may access the common fields of +the object, like the lock and the list of devices:: + + int driver_for_each_dev(struct device_driver *drv, void *data, + int (*callback)(struct device *dev, void *data)); + +The devices field is a list of all the devices that have been bound to +the driver. The LDM core provides a helper function to operate on all +the devices a driver controls. This helper locks the driver on each +node access, and does proper reference counting on each device as it +accesses it. + + +sysfs +~~~~~ + +When a driver is registered, a sysfs directory is created in its +bus's directory. In this directory, the driver can export an interface +to userspace to control operation of the driver on a global basis; +e.g. toggling debugging output in the driver. + +A future feature of this directory will be a 'devices' directory. This +directory will contain symlinks to the directories of devices it +supports. + + + +Callbacks +~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + int (*probe) (struct device *dev); + +The probe() entry is called in task context, with the bus's rwsem locked +and the driver partially bound to the device. Drivers commonly use +container_of() to convert "dev" to a bus-specific type, both in probe() +and other routines. That type often provides device resource data, such +as pci_dev.resource[] or platform_device.resources, which is used in +addition to dev->platform_data to initialize the driver. + +This callback holds the driver-specific logic to bind the driver to a +given device. That includes verifying that the device is present, that +it's a version the driver can handle, that driver data structures can +be allocated and initialized, and that any hardware can be initialized. +Drivers often store a pointer to their state with dev_set_drvdata(). +When the driver has successfully bound itself to that device, then probe() +returns zero and the driver model code will finish its part of binding +the driver to that device. + +A driver's probe() may return a negative errno value to indicate that +the driver did not bind to this device, in which case it should have +released all resources it allocated:: + + int (*remove) (struct device *dev); + +remove is called to unbind a driver from a device. This may be +called if a device is physically removed from the system, if the +driver module is being unloaded, during a reboot sequence, or +in other cases. + +It is up to the driver to determine if the device is present or +not. It should free any resources allocated specifically for the +device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field. + +If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place +it into a supported low-power state:: + + int (*suspend) (struct device *dev, pm_message_t state); + +suspend is called to put the device in a low power state:: + + int (*resume) (struct device *dev); + +Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state. + + +Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + struct driver_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *driver, char *buf); + ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char *buf, size_t count); + }; + +Device drivers can export attributes via their sysfs directories. +Drivers can declare attributes using a DRIVER_ATTR_RW and DRIVER_ATTR_RO +macro that works identically to the DEVICE_ATTR_RW and DEVICE_ATTR_RO +macros. + +Example:: + + DRIVER_ATTR_RW(debug); + +This is equivalent to declaring:: + + struct driver_attribute driver_attr_debug; + +This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the +driver's directory using:: + + int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *); + void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *); diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/index.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..755016422269 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/index.rst @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +============ +Driver Model +============ + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + + binding + bus + class + design-patterns + device + devres + driver + overview + platform + porting + +.. only:: subproject and html + + Indices + ======= + + * :ref:`genindex` diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/overview.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/overview.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..d4d1e9b40e0c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/overview.rst @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +============================= +The Linux Kernel Device Model +============================= + +Patrick Mochel + +Drafted 26 August 2002 +Updated 31 January 2006 + + +Overview +~~~~~~~~ + +The Linux Kernel Driver Model is a unification of all the disparate driver +models that were previously used in the kernel. It is intended to augment the +bus-specific drivers for bridges and devices by consolidating a set of data +and operations into globally accessible data structures. + +Traditional driver models implemented some sort of tree-like structure +(sometimes just a list) for the devices they control. There wasn't any +uniformity across the different bus types. + +The current driver model provides a common, uniform data model for describing +a bus and the devices that can appear under the bus. The unified bus +model includes a set of common attributes which all busses carry, and a set +of common callbacks, such as device discovery during bus probing, bus +shutdown, bus power management, etc. + +The common device and bridge interface reflects the goals of the modern +computer: namely the ability to do seamless device "plug and play", power +management, and hot plug. In particular, the model dictated by Intel and +Microsoft (namely ACPI) ensures that almost every device on almost any bus +on an x86-compatible system can work within this paradigm. Of course, +not every bus is able to support all such operations, although most +buses support most of those operations. + + +Downstream Access +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Common data fields have been moved out of individual bus layers into a common +data structure. These fields must still be accessed by the bus layers, +and sometimes by the device-specific drivers. + +Other bus layers are encouraged to do what has been done for the PCI layer. +struct pci_dev now looks like this:: + + struct pci_dev { + ... + + struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ + ... + }; + +Note first that the struct device dev within the struct pci_dev is +statically allocated. This means only one allocation on device discovery. + +Note also that that struct device dev is not necessarily defined at the +front of the pci_dev structure. This is to make people think about what +they're doing when switching between the bus driver and the global driver, +and to discourage meaningless and incorrect casts between the two. + +The PCI bus layer freely accesses the fields of struct device. It knows about +the structure of struct pci_dev, and it should know the structure of struct +device. Individual PCI device drivers that have been converted to the current +driver model generally do not and should not touch the fields of struct device, +unless there is a compelling reason to do so. + +The above abstraction prevents unnecessary pain during transitional phases. +If it were not done this way, then when a field was renamed or removed, every +downstream driver would break. On the other hand, if only the bus layer +(and not the device layer) accesses the struct device, it is only the bus +layer that needs to change. + + +User Interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By virtue of having a complete hierarchical view of all the devices in the +system, exporting a complete hierarchical view to userspace becomes relatively +easy. This has been accomplished by implementing a special purpose virtual +file system named sysfs. + +Almost all mainstream Linux distros mount this filesystem automatically; you +can see some variation of the following in the output of the "mount" command:: + + $ mount + ... + none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) + ... + $ + +The auto-mounting of sysfs is typically accomplished by an entry similar to +the following in the /etc/fstab file:: + + none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 + +or something similar in the /lib/init/fstab file on Debian-based systems:: + + none /sys sysfs nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 + +If sysfs is not automatically mounted, you can always do it manually with:: + + # mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys + +Whenever a device is inserted into the tree, a directory is created for it. +This directory may be populated at each layer of discovery - the global layer, +the bus layer, or the device layer. + +The global layer currently creates two files - 'name' and 'power'. The +former only reports the name of the device. The latter reports the +current power state of the device. It will also be used to set the current +power state. + +The bus layer may also create files for the devices it finds while probing the +bus. For example, the PCI layer currently creates 'irq' and 'resource' files +for each PCI device. + +A device-specific driver may also export files in its directory to expose +device-specific data or tunable interfaces. + +More information about the sysfs directory layout can be found in +the other documents in this directory and in the file +Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/platform.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/platform.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..334dd4071ae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/platform.rst @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ +============================ +Platform Devices and Drivers +============================ + +See for the driver model interface to the +platform bus: platform_device, and platform_driver. This pseudo-bus +is used to connect devices on busses with minimal infrastructure, +like those used to integrate peripherals on many system-on-chip +processors, or some "legacy" PC interconnects; as opposed to large +formally specified ones like PCI or USB. + + +Platform devices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Platform devices are devices that typically appear as autonomous +entities in the system. This includes legacy port-based devices and +host bridges to peripheral buses, and most controllers integrated +into system-on-chip platforms. What they usually have in common +is direct addressing from a CPU bus. Rarely, a platform_device will +be connected through a segment of some other kind of bus; but its +registers will still be directly addressable. + +Platform devices are given a name, used in driver binding, and a +list of resources such as addresses and IRQs:: + + struct platform_device { + const char *name; + u32 id; + struct device dev; + u32 num_resources; + struct resource *resource; + }; + + +Platform drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Platform drivers follow the standard driver model convention, where +discovery/enumeration is handled outside the drivers, and drivers +provide probe() and remove() methods. They support power management +and shutdown notifications using the standard conventions:: + + struct platform_driver { + int (*probe)(struct platform_device *); + int (*remove)(struct platform_device *); + void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *); + int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); + int (*suspend_late)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); + int (*resume_early)(struct platform_device *); + int (*resume)(struct platform_device *); + struct device_driver driver; + }; + +Note that probe() should in general verify that the specified device hardware +actually exists; sometimes platform setup code can't be sure. The probing +can use device resources, including clocks, and device platform_data. + +Platform drivers register themselves the normal way:: + + int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv); + +Or, in common situations where the device is known not to be hot-pluggable, +the probe() routine can live in an init section to reduce the driver's +runtime memory footprint:: + + int platform_driver_probe(struct platform_driver *drv, + int (*probe)(struct platform_device *)) + +Kernel modules can be composed of several platform drivers. The platform core +provides helpers to register and unregister an array of drivers:: + + int __platform_register_drivers(struct platform_driver * const *drivers, + unsigned int count, struct module *owner); + void platform_unregister_drivers(struct platform_driver * const *drivers, + unsigned int count); + +If one of the drivers fails to register, all drivers registered up to that +point will be unregistered in reverse order. Note that there is a convenience +macro that passes THIS_MODULE as owner parameter:: + + #define platform_register_drivers(drivers, count) + + +Device Enumeration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +As a rule, platform specific (and often board-specific) setup code will +register platform devices:: + + int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *pdev); + + int platform_add_devices(struct platform_device **pdevs, int ndev); + +The general rule is to register only those devices that actually exist, +but in some cases extra devices might be registered. For example, a kernel +might be configured to work with an external network adapter that might not +be populated on all boards, or likewise to work with an integrated controller +that some boards might not hook up to any peripherals. + +In some cases, boot firmware will export tables describing the devices +that are populated on a given board. Without such tables, often the +only way for system setup code to set up the correct devices is to build +a kernel for a specific target board. Such board-specific kernels are +common with embedded and custom systems development. + +In many cases, the memory and IRQ resources associated with the platform +device are not enough to let the device's driver work. Board setup code +will often provide additional information using the device's platform_data +field to hold additional information. + +Embedded systems frequently need one or more clocks for platform devices, +which are normally kept off until they're actively needed (to save power). +System setup also associates those clocks with the device, so that that +calls to clk_get(&pdev->dev, clock_name) return them as needed. + + +Legacy Drivers: Device Probing +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Some drivers are not fully converted to the driver model, because they take +on a non-driver role: the driver registers its platform device, rather than +leaving that for system infrastructure. Such drivers can't be hotplugged +or coldplugged, since those mechanisms require device creation to be in a +different system component than the driver. + +The only "good" reason for this is to handle older system designs which, like +original IBM PCs, rely on error-prone "probe-the-hardware" models for hardware +configuration. Newer systems have largely abandoned that model, in favor of +bus-level support for dynamic configuration (PCI, USB), or device tables +provided by the boot firmware (e.g. PNPACPI on x86). There are too many +conflicting options about what might be where, and even educated guesses by +an operating system will be wrong often enough to make trouble. + +This style of driver is discouraged. If you're updating such a driver, +please try to move the device enumeration to a more appropriate location, +outside the driver. This will usually be cleanup, since such drivers +tend to already have "normal" modes, such as ones using device nodes that +were created by PNP or by platform device setup. + +None the less, there are some APIs to support such legacy drivers. Avoid +using these calls except with such hotplug-deficient drivers:: + + struct platform_device *platform_device_alloc( + const char *name, int id); + +You can use platform_device_alloc() to dynamically allocate a device, which +you will then initialize with resources and platform_device_register(). +A better solution is usually:: + + struct platform_device *platform_device_register_simple( + const char *name, int id, + struct resource *res, unsigned int nres); + +You can use platform_device_register_simple() as a one-step call to allocate +and register a device. + + +Device Naming and Driver Binding +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The platform_device.dev.bus_id is the canonical name for the devices. +It's built from two components: + + * platform_device.name ... which is also used to for driver matching. + + * platform_device.id ... the device instance number, or else "-1" + to indicate there's only one. + +These are concatenated, so name/id "serial"/0 indicates bus_id "serial.0", and +"serial/3" indicates bus_id "serial.3"; both would use the platform_driver +named "serial". While "my_rtc"/-1 would be bus_id "my_rtc" (no instance id) +and use the platform_driver called "my_rtc". + +Driver binding is performed automatically by the driver core, invoking +driver probe() after finding a match between device and driver. If the +probe() succeeds, the driver and device are bound as usual. There are +three different ways to find such a match: + + - Whenever a device is registered, the drivers for that bus are + checked for matches. Platform devices should be registered very + early during system boot. + + - When a driver is registered using platform_driver_register(), all + unbound devices on that bus are checked for matches. Drivers + usually register later during booting, or by module loading. + + - Registering a driver using platform_driver_probe() works just like + using platform_driver_register(), except that the driver won't + be probed later if another device registers. (Which is OK, since + this interface is only for use with non-hotpluggable devices.) + + +Early Platform Devices and Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The early platform interfaces provide platform data to platform device +drivers early on during the system boot. The code is built on top of the +early_param() command line parsing and can be executed very early on. + +Example: "earlyprintk" class early serial console in 6 steps + +1. Registering early platform device data +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code registers platform device data using the function +early_platform_add_devices(). In the case of early serial console this +should be hardware configuration for the serial port. Devices registered +at this point will later on be matched against early platform drivers. + +2. Parsing kernel command line +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code calls parse_early_param() to parse the kernel +command line. This will execute all matching early_param() callbacks. +User specified early platform devices will be registered at this point. +For the early serial console case the user can specify port on the +kernel command line as "earlyprintk=serial.0" where "earlyprintk" is +the class string, "serial" is the name of the platform driver and +0 is the platform device id. If the id is -1 then the dot and the +id can be omitted. + +3. Installing early platform drivers belonging to a certain class +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code may optionally force registration of all early +platform drivers belonging to a certain class using the function +early_platform_driver_register_all(). User specified devices from +step 2 have priority over these. This step is omitted by the serial +driver example since the early serial driver code should be disabled +unless the user has specified port on the kernel command line. + +4. Early platform driver registration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Compiled-in platform drivers making use of early_platform_init() are +automatically registered during step 2 or 3. The serial driver example +should use early_platform_init("earlyprintk", &platform_driver). + +5. Probing of early platform drivers belonging to a certain class +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code calls early_platform_driver_probe() to match +registered early platform devices associated with a certain class with +registered early platform drivers. Matched devices will get probed(). +This step can be executed at any point during the early boot. As soon +as possible may be good for the serial port case. + +6. Inside the early platform driver probe() +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The driver code needs to take special care during early boot, especially +when it comes to memory allocation and interrupt registration. The code +in the probe() function can use is_early_platform_device() to check if +it is called at early platform device or at the regular platform device +time. The early serial driver performs register_console() at this point. + +For further information, see . diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/porting.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/porting.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..931ea879af3f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/porting.rst @@ -0,0 +1,448 @@ +======================================= +Porting Drivers to the New Driver Model +======================================= + +Patrick Mochel + +7 January 2003 + + +Overview + +Please refer to `Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/*.rst` for definitions of +various driver types and concepts. + +Most of the work of porting devices drivers to the new model happens +at the bus driver layer. This was intentional, to minimize the +negative effect on kernel drivers, and to allow a gradual transition +of bus drivers. + +In a nutshell, the driver model consists of a set of objects that can +be embedded in larger, bus-specific objects. Fields in these generic +objects can replace fields in the bus-specific objects. + +The generic objects must be registered with the driver model core. By +doing so, they will exported via the sysfs filesystem. sysfs can be +mounted by doing:: + + # mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys + + + +The Process + +Step 0: Read include/linux/device.h for object and function definitions. + +Step 1: Registering the bus driver. + + +- Define a struct bus_type for the bus driver:: + + struct bus_type pci_bus_type = { + .name = "pci", + }; + + +- Register the bus type. + + This should be done in the initialization function for the bus type, + which is usually the module_init(), or equivalent, function:: + + static int __init pci_driver_init(void) + { + return bus_register(&pci_bus_type); + } + + subsys_initcall(pci_driver_init); + + + The bus type may be unregistered (if the bus driver may be compiled + as a module) by doing:: + + bus_unregister(&pci_bus_type); + + +- Export the bus type for others to use. + + Other code may wish to reference the bus type, so declare it in a + shared header file and export the symbol. + +From include/linux/pci.h:: + + extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type; + + +From file the above code appears in:: + + EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_bus_type); + + + +- This will cause the bus to show up in /sys/bus/pci/ with two + subdirectories: 'devices' and 'drivers':: + + # tree -d /sys/bus/pci/ + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + `-- drivers + + + +Step 2: Registering Devices. + +struct device represents a single device. It mainly contains metadata +describing the relationship the device has to other entities. + + +- Embed a struct device in the bus-specific device type:: + + + struct pci_dev { + ... + struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ + ... + }; + + It is recommended that the generic device not be the first item in + the struct to discourage programmers from doing mindless casts + between the object types. Instead macros, or inline functions, + should be created to convert from the generic object type:: + + + #define to_pci_dev(n) container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev) + + or + + static inline struct pci_dev * to_pci_dev(struct kobject * kobj) + { + return container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev); + } + + This allows the compiler to verify type-safety of the operations + that are performed (which is Good). + + +- Initialize the device on registration. + + When devices are discovered or registered with the bus type, the + bus driver should initialize the generic device. The most important + things to initialize are the bus_id, parent, and bus fields. + + The bus_id is an ASCII string that contains the device's address on + the bus. The format of this string is bus-specific. This is + necessary for representing devices in sysfs. + + parent is the physical parent of the device. It is important that + the bus driver sets this field correctly. + + The driver model maintains an ordered list of devices that it uses + for power management. This list must be in order to guarantee that + devices are shutdown before their physical parents, and vice versa. + The order of this list is determined by the parent of registered + devices. + + Also, the location of the device's sysfs directory depends on a + device's parent. sysfs exports a directory structure that mirrors + the device hierarchy. Accurately setting the parent guarantees that + sysfs will accurately represent the hierarchy. + + The device's bus field is a pointer to the bus type the device + belongs to. This should be set to the bus_type that was declared + and initialized before. + + Optionally, the bus driver may set the device's name and release + fields. + + The name field is an ASCII string describing the device, like + + "ATI Technologies Inc Radeon QD" + + The release field is a callback that the driver model core calls + when the device has been removed, and all references to it have + been released. More on this in a moment. + + +- Register the device. + + Once the generic device has been initialized, it can be registered + with the driver model core by doing:: + + device_register(&dev->dev); + + It can later be unregistered by doing:: + + device_unregister(&dev->dev); + + This should happen on buses that support hotpluggable devices. + If a bus driver unregisters a device, it should not immediately free + it. It should instead wait for the driver model core to call the + device's release method, then free the bus-specific object. + (There may be other code that is currently referencing the device + structure, and it would be rude to free the device while that is + happening). + + + When the device is registered, a directory in sysfs is created. + The PCI tree in sysfs looks like:: + + /sys/devices/pci0/ + |-- 00:00.0 + |-- 00:01.0 + | `-- 01:00.0 + |-- 00:02.0 + | `-- 02:1f.0 + | `-- 03:00.0 + |-- 00:1e.0 + | `-- 04:04.0 + |-- 00:1f.0 + |-- 00:1f.1 + | |-- ide0 + | | |-- 0.0 + | | `-- 0.1 + | `-- ide1 + | `-- 1.0 + |-- 00:1f.2 + |-- 00:1f.3 + `-- 00:1f.5 + + Also, symlinks are created in the bus's 'devices' directory + that point to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy:: + + /sys/bus/pci/devices/ + |-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0 + |-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0 + |-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0 + |-- 00:1e.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0 + |-- 00:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.0 + |-- 00:1f.1 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.1 + |-- 00:1f.2 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.2 + |-- 00:1f.3 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.3 + |-- 00:1f.5 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.5 + |-- 01:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0/01:00.0 + |-- 02:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0 + |-- 03:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0/03:00.0 + `-- 04:04.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0/04:04.0 + + + +Step 3: Registering Drivers. + +struct device_driver is a simple driver structure that contains a set +of operations that the driver model core may call. + + +- Embed a struct device_driver in the bus-specific driver. + + Just like with devices, do something like:: + + struct pci_driver { + ... + struct device_driver driver; + }; + + +- Initialize the generic driver structure. + + When the driver registers with the bus (e.g. doing pci_register_driver()), + initialize the necessary fields of the driver: the name and bus + fields. + + +- Register the driver. + + After the generic driver has been initialized, call:: + + driver_register(&drv->driver); + + to register the driver with the core. + + When the driver is unregistered from the bus, unregister it from the + core by doing:: + + driver_unregister(&drv->driver); + + Note that this will block until all references to the driver have + gone away. Normally, there will not be any. + + +- Sysfs representation. + + Drivers are exported via sysfs in their bus's 'driver's directory. + For example:: + + /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ + |-- 3c59x + |-- Ensoniq AudioPCI + |-- agpgart-amdk7 + |-- e100 + `-- serial + + +Step 4: Define Generic Methods for Drivers. + +struct device_driver defines a set of operations that the driver model +core calls. Most of these operations are probably similar to +operations the bus already defines for drivers, but taking different +parameters. + +It would be difficult and tedious to force every driver on a bus to +simultaneously convert their drivers to generic format. Instead, the +bus driver should define single instances of the generic methods that +forward call to the bus-specific drivers. For instance:: + + + static int pci_device_remove(struct device * dev) + { + struct pci_dev * pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev); + struct pci_driver * drv = pci_dev->driver; + + if (drv) { + if (drv->remove) + drv->remove(pci_dev); + pci_dev->driver = NULL; + } + return 0; + } + + +The generic driver should be initialized with these methods before it +is registered:: + + /* initialize common driver fields */ + drv->driver.name = drv->name; + drv->driver.bus = &pci_bus_type; + drv->driver.probe = pci_device_probe; + drv->driver.resume = pci_device_resume; + drv->driver.suspend = pci_device_suspend; + drv->driver.remove = pci_device_remove; + + /* register with core */ + driver_register(&drv->driver); + + +Ideally, the bus should only initialize the fields if they are not +already set. This allows the drivers to implement their own generic +methods. + + +Step 5: Support generic driver binding. + +The model assumes that a device or driver can be dynamically +registered with the bus at any time. When registration happens, +devices must be bound to a driver, or drivers must be bound to all +devices that it supports. + +A driver typically contains a list of device IDs that it supports. The +bus driver compares these IDs to the IDs of devices registered with it. +The format of the device IDs, and the semantics for comparing them are +bus-specific, so the generic model does attempt to generalize them. + +Instead, a bus may supply a method in struct bus_type that does the +comparison:: + + int (*match)(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv); + +match should return positive value if the driver supports the device, +and zero otherwise. It may also return error code (for example +-EPROBE_DEFER) if determining that given driver supports the device is +not possible. + +When a device is registered, the bus's list of drivers is iterated +over. bus->match() is called for each one until a match is found. + +When a driver is registered, the bus's list of devices is iterated +over. bus->match() is called for each device that is not already +claimed by a driver. + +When a device is successfully bound to a driver, device->driver is +set, the device is added to a per-driver list of devices, and a +symlink is created in the driver's sysfs directory that points to the +device's physical directory:: + + /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ + |-- 3c59x + | `-- 00:0b.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0b.0 + |-- Ensoniq AudioPCI + |-- agpgart-amdk7 + | `-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0 + |-- e100 + | `-- 00:0c.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0c.0 + `-- serial + + +This driver binding should replace the existing driver binding +mechanism the bus currently uses. + + +Step 6: Supply a hotplug callback. + +Whenever a device is registered with the driver model core, the +userspace program /sbin/hotplug is called to notify userspace. +Users can define actions to perform when a device is inserted or +removed. + +The driver model core passes several arguments to userspace via +environment variables, including + +- ACTION: set to 'add' or 'remove' +- DEVPATH: set to the device's physical path in sysfs. + +A bus driver may also supply additional parameters for userspace to +consume. To do this, a bus must implement the 'hotplug' method in +struct bus_type:: + + int (*hotplug) (struct device *dev, char **envp, + int num_envp, char *buffer, int buffer_size); + +This is called immediately before /sbin/hotplug is executed. + + +Step 7: Cleaning up the bus driver. + +The generic bus, device, and driver structures provide several fields +that can replace those defined privately to the bus driver. + +- Device list. + +struct bus_type contains a list of all devices registered with the bus +type. This includes all devices on all instances of that bus type. +An internal list that the bus uses may be removed, in favor of using +this one. + +The core provides an iterator to access these devices:: + + int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, + void * data, int (*fn)(struct device *, void *)); + + +- Driver list. + +struct bus_type also contains a list of all drivers registered with +it. An internal list of drivers that the bus driver maintains may +be removed in favor of using the generic one. + +The drivers may be iterated over, like devices:: + + int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start, + void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *)); + + +Please see drivers/base/bus.c for more information. + + +- rwsem + +struct bus_type contains an rwsem that protects all core accesses to +the device and driver lists. This can be used by the bus driver +internally, and should be used when accessing the device or driver +lists the bus maintains. + + +- Device and driver fields. + +Some of the fields in struct device and struct device_driver duplicate +fields in the bus-specific representations of these objects. Feel free +to remove the bus-specific ones and favor the generic ones. Note +though, that this will likely mean fixing up all the drivers that +reference the bus-specific fields (though those should all be 1-line +changes). diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst index 349f2dc33029..921c71a3d683 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst @@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ symbol: will pass the struct gpio_chip* for the chip to all IRQ callbacks, so the callbacks need to embed the gpio_chip in its state container and obtain a pointer to the container using container_of(). - (See Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.rst) + (See Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/design-patterns.rst) - gpiochip_irqchip_add_nested(): adds a nested cascaded irqchip to a gpiochip, as discussed above regarding different types of cascaded irqchips. The diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst index b4c993ff7655..9fb03b7bdeb1 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ available subsections can be seen below. .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 + driver-model/index basics infrastructure early-userspace/index diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/binding.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/binding.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 7ea1d7a41e1d..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/binding.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,98 +0,0 @@ -============== -Driver Binding -============== - -Driver binding is the process of associating a device with a device -driver that can control it. Bus drivers have typically handled this -because there have been bus-specific structures to represent the -devices and the drivers. With generic device and device driver -structures, most of the binding can take place using common code. - - -Bus -~~~ - -The bus type structure contains a list of all devices that are on that bus -type in the system. When device_register is called for a device, it is -inserted into the end of this list. The bus object also contains a -list of all drivers of that bus type. When driver_register is called -for a driver, it is inserted at the end of this list. These are the -two events which trigger driver binding. - - -device_register -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -When a new device is added, the bus's list of drivers is iterated over -to find one that supports it. In order to determine that, the device -ID of the device must match one of the device IDs that the driver -supports. The format and semantics for comparing IDs is bus-specific. -Instead of trying to derive a complex state machine and matching -algorithm, it is up to the bus driver to provide a callback to compare -a device against the IDs of a driver. The bus returns 1 if a match was -found; 0 otherwise. - -int match(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv); - -If a match is found, the device's driver field is set to the driver -and the driver's probe callback is called. This gives the driver a -chance to verify that it really does support the hardware, and that -it's in a working state. - -Device Class -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Upon the successful completion of probe, the device is registered with -the class to which it belongs. Device drivers belong to one and only one -class, and that is set in the driver's devclass field. -devclass_add_device is called to enumerate the device within the class -and actually register it with the class, which happens with the -class's register_dev callback. - - -Driver -~~~~~~ - -When a driver is attached to a device, the device is inserted into the -driver's list of devices. - - -sysfs -~~~~~ - -A symlink is created in the bus's 'devices' directory that points to -the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. - -A symlink is created in the driver's 'devices' directory that points -to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. - -A directory for the device is created in the class's directory. A -symlink is created in that directory that points to the device's -physical location in the sysfs tree. - -A symlink can be created (though this isn't done yet) in the device's -physical directory to either its class directory, or the class's -top-level directory. One can also be created to point to its driver's -directory also. - - -driver_register -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -The process is almost identical for when a new driver is added. -The bus's list of devices is iterated over to find a match. Devices -that already have a driver are skipped. All the devices are iterated -over, to bind as many devices as possible to the driver. - - -Removal -~~~~~~~ - -When a device is removed, the reference count for it will eventually -go to 0. When it does, the remove callback of the driver is called. It -is removed from the driver's list of devices and the reference count -of the driver is decremented. All symlinks between the two are removed. - -When a driver is removed, the list of devices that it supports is -iterated over, and the driver's remove callback is called for each -one. The device is removed from that list and the symlinks removed. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/bus.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/bus.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 016b15a6e8ea..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/bus.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,146 +0,0 @@ -========= -Bus Types -========= - -Definition -~~~~~~~~~~ -See the kerneldoc for the struct bus_type. - -int bus_register(struct bus_type * bus); - - -Declaration -~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Each bus type in the kernel (PCI, USB, etc) should declare one static -object of this type. They must initialize the name field, and may -optionally initialize the match callback:: - - struct bus_type pci_bus_type = { - .name = "pci", - .match = pci_bus_match, - }; - -The structure should be exported to drivers in a header file: - -extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type; - - -Registration -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -When a bus driver is initialized, it calls bus_register. This -initializes the rest of the fields in the bus object and inserts it -into a global list of bus types. Once the bus object is registered, -the fields in it are usable by the bus driver. - - -Callbacks -~~~~~~~~~ - -match(): Attaching Drivers to Devices -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -The format of device ID structures and the semantics for comparing -them are inherently bus-specific. Drivers typically declare an array -of device IDs of devices they support that reside in a bus-specific -driver structure. - -The purpose of the match callback is to give the bus an opportunity to -determine if a particular driver supports a particular device by -comparing the device IDs the driver supports with the device ID of a -particular device, without sacrificing bus-specific functionality or -type-safety. - -When a driver is registered with the bus, the bus's list of devices is -iterated over, and the match callback is called for each device that -does not have a driver associated with it. - - - -Device and Driver Lists -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -The lists of devices and drivers are intended to replace the local -lists that many buses keep. They are lists of struct devices and -struct device_drivers, respectively. Bus drivers are free to use the -lists as they please, but conversion to the bus-specific type may be -necessary. - -The LDM core provides helper functions for iterating over each list:: - - int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, - void * data, - int (*fn)(struct device *, void *)); - - int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start, - void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *)); - -These helpers iterate over the respective list, and call the callback -for each device or driver in the list. All list accesses are -synchronized by taking the bus's lock (read currently). The reference -count on each object in the list is incremented before the callback is -called; it is decremented after the next object has been obtained. The -lock is not held when calling the callback. - - -sysfs -~~~~~~~~ -There is a top-level directory named 'bus'. - -Each bus gets a directory in the bus directory, along with two default -directories:: - - /sys/bus/pci/ - |-- devices - `-- drivers - -Drivers registered with the bus get a directory in the bus's drivers -directory:: - - /sys/bus/pci/ - |-- devices - `-- drivers - |-- Intel ICH - |-- Intel ICH Joystick - |-- agpgart - `-- e100 - -Each device that is discovered on a bus of that type gets a symlink in -the bus's devices directory to the device's directory in the physical -hierarchy:: - - /sys/bus/pci/ - |-- devices - | |-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:00.0 - | |-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:01.0 - | `-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:02.0 - `-- drivers - - -Exporting Attributes -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -:: - - struct bus_attribute { - struct attribute attr; - ssize_t (*show)(struct bus_type *, char * buf); - ssize_t (*store)(struct bus_type *, const char * buf, size_t count); - }; - -Bus drivers can export attributes using the BUS_ATTR_RW macro that works -similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR_RW macro for devices. For example, a -definition like this:: - - static BUS_ATTR_RW(debug); - -is equivalent to declaring:: - - static bus_attribute bus_attr_debug; - -This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the bus's -sysfs directory using:: - - int bus_create_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *); - void bus_remove_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *); diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/class.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/class.rst deleted file mode 100644 index fff55b80e86a..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/class.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,149 +0,0 @@ -============== -Device Classes -============== - -Introduction -~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A device class describes a type of device, like an audio or network -device. The following device classes have been identified: - - - - -Each device class defines a set of semantics and a programming interface -that devices of that class adhere to. Device drivers are the -implementation of that programming interface for a particular device on -a particular bus. - -Device classes are agnostic with respect to what bus a device resides -on. - - -Programming Interface -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The device class structure looks like:: - - - typedef int (*devclass_add)(struct device *); - typedef void (*devclass_remove)(struct device *); - -See the kerneldoc for the struct class. - -A typical device class definition would look like:: - - struct device_class input_devclass = { - .name = "input", - .add_device = input_add_device, - .remove_device = input_remove_device, - }; - -Each device class structure should be exported in a header file so it -can be used by drivers, extensions and interfaces. - -Device classes are registered and unregistered with the core using:: - - int devclass_register(struct device_class * cls); - void devclass_unregister(struct device_class * cls); - - -Devices -~~~~~~~ -As devices are bound to drivers, they are added to the device class -that the driver belongs to. Before the driver model core, this would -typically happen during the driver's probe() callback, once the device -has been initialized. It now happens after the probe() callback -finishes from the core. - -The device is enumerated in the class. Each time a device is added to -the class, the class's devnum field is incremented and assigned to the -device. The field is never decremented, so if the device is removed -from the class and re-added, it will receive a different enumerated -value. - -The class is allowed to create a class-specific structure for the -device and store it in the device's class_data pointer. - -There is no list of devices in the device class. Each driver has a -list of devices that it supports. The device class has a list of -drivers of that particular class. To access all of the devices in the -class, iterate over the device lists of each driver in the class. - - -Device Drivers -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Device drivers are added to device classes when they are registered -with the core. A driver specifies the class it belongs to by setting -the struct device_driver::devclass field. - - -sysfs directory structure -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -There is a top-level sysfs directory named 'class'. - -Each class gets a directory in the class directory, along with two -default subdirectories:: - - class/ - `-- input - |-- devices - `-- drivers - - -Drivers registered with the class get a symlink in the drivers/ directory -that points to the driver's directory (under its bus directory):: - - class/ - `-- input - |-- devices - `-- drivers - `-- usb:usb_mouse -> ../../../bus/drivers/usb_mouse/ - - -Each device gets a symlink in the devices/ directory that points to the -device's directory in the physical hierarchy:: - - class/ - `-- input - |-- devices - | `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/ - `-- drivers - - -Exporting Attributes -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -:: - - struct devclass_attribute { - struct attribute attr; - ssize_t (*show)(struct device_class *, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off); - ssize_t (*store)(struct device_class *, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off); - }; - -Class drivers can export attributes using the DEVCLASS_ATTR macro that works -similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR macro for devices. For example, a definition -like this:: - - static DEVCLASS_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug); - -is equivalent to declaring:: - - static devclass_attribute devclass_attr_debug; - -The bus driver can add and remove the attribute from the class's -sysfs directory using:: - - int devclass_create_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *); - void devclass_remove_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *); - -In the example above, the file will be named 'debug' in placed in the -class's directory in sysfs. - - -Interfaces -~~~~~~~~~~ -There may exist multiple mechanisms for accessing the same device of a -particular class type. Device interfaces describe these mechanisms. - -When a device is added to a device class, the core attempts to add it -to every interface that is registered with the device class. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 41eb8f41f7dd..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -============================= -Device Driver Design Patterns -============================= - -This document describes a few common design patterns found in device drivers. -It is likely that subsystem maintainers will ask driver developers to -conform to these design patterns. - -1. State Container -2. container_of() - - -1. State Container -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -While the kernel contains a few device drivers that assume that they will -only be probed() once on a certain system (singletons), it is custom to assume -that the device the driver binds to will appear in several instances. This -means that the probe() function and all callbacks need to be reentrant. - -The most common way to achieve this is to use the state container design -pattern. It usually has this form:: - - struct foo { - spinlock_t lock; /* Example member */ - (...) - }; - - static int foo_probe(...) - { - struct foo *foo; - - foo = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*foo), GFP_KERNEL); - if (!foo) - return -ENOMEM; - spin_lock_init(&foo->lock); - (...) - } - -This will create an instance of struct foo in memory every time probe() is -called. This is our state container for this instance of the device driver. -Of course it is then necessary to always pass this instance of the -state around to all functions that need access to the state and its members. - -For example, if the driver is registering an interrupt handler, you would -pass around a pointer to struct foo like this:: - - static irqreturn_t foo_handler(int irq, void *arg) - { - struct foo *foo = arg; - (...) - } - - static int foo_probe(...) - { - struct foo *foo; - - (...) - ret = request_irq(irq, foo_handler, 0, "foo", foo); - } - -This way you always get a pointer back to the correct instance of foo in -your interrupt handler. - - -2. container_of() -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Continuing on the above example we add an offloaded work:: - - struct foo { - spinlock_t lock; - struct workqueue_struct *wq; - struct work_struct offload; - (...) - }; - - static void foo_work(struct work_struct *work) - { - struct foo *foo = container_of(work, struct foo, offload); - - (...) - } - - static irqreturn_t foo_handler(int irq, void *arg) - { - struct foo *foo = arg; - - queue_work(foo->wq, &foo->offload); - (...) - } - - static int foo_probe(...) - { - struct foo *foo; - - foo->wq = create_singlethread_workqueue("foo-wq"); - INIT_WORK(&foo->offload, foo_work); - (...) - } - -The design pattern is the same for an hrtimer or something similar that will -return a single argument which is a pointer to a struct member in the -callback. - -container_of() is a macro defined in - -What container_of() does is to obtain a pointer to the containing struct from -a pointer to a member by a simple subtraction using the offsetof() macro from -standard C, which allows something similar to object oriented behaviours. -Notice that the contained member must not be a pointer, but an actual member -for this to work. - -We can see here that we avoid having global pointers to our struct foo * -instance this way, while still keeping the number of parameters passed to the -work function to a single pointer. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/device.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/device.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 2b868d49d349..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/device.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,109 +0,0 @@ -========================== -The Basic Device Structure -========================== - -See the kerneldoc for the struct device. - - -Programming Interface -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The bus driver that discovers the device uses this to register the -device with the core:: - - int device_register(struct device * dev); - -The bus should initialize the following fields: - - - parent - - name - - bus_id - - bus - -A device is removed from the core when its reference count goes to -0. The reference count can be adjusted using:: - - struct device * get_device(struct device * dev); - void put_device(struct device * dev); - -get_device() will return a pointer to the struct device passed to it -if the reference is not already 0 (if it's in the process of being -removed already). - -A driver can access the lock in the device structure using:: - - void lock_device(struct device * dev); - void unlock_device(struct device * dev); - - -Attributes -~~~~~~~~~~ - -:: - - struct device_attribute { - struct attribute attr; - ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, - char *buf); - ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, - const char *buf, size_t count); - }; - -Attributes of devices can be exported by a device driver through sysfs. - -Please see Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt for more information -on how sysfs works. - -As explained in Documentation/kobject.txt, device attributes must be -created before the KOBJ_ADD uevent is generated. The only way to realize -that is by defining an attribute group. - -Attributes are declared using a macro called DEVICE_ATTR:: - - #define DEVICE_ATTR(name,mode,show,store) - -Example::: - - static DEVICE_ATTR(type, 0444, show_type, NULL); - static DEVICE_ATTR(power, 0644, show_power, store_power); - -This declares two structures of type struct device_attribute with respective -names 'dev_attr_type' and 'dev_attr_power'. These two attributes can be -organized as follows into a group:: - - static struct attribute *dev_attrs[] = { - &dev_attr_type.attr, - &dev_attr_power.attr, - NULL, - }; - - static struct attribute_group dev_attr_group = { - .attrs = dev_attrs, - }; - - static const struct attribute_group *dev_attr_groups[] = { - &dev_attr_group, - NULL, - }; - -This array of groups can then be associated with a device by setting the -group pointer in struct device before device_register() is invoked:: - - dev->groups = dev_attr_groups; - device_register(dev); - -The device_register() function will use the 'groups' pointer to create the -device attributes and the device_unregister() function will use this pointer -to remove the device attributes. - -Word of warning: While the kernel allows device_create_file() and -device_remove_file() to be called on a device at any time, userspace has -strict expectations on when attributes get created. When a new device is -registered in the kernel, a uevent is generated to notify userspace (like -udev) that a new device is available. If attributes are added after the -device is registered, then userspace won't get notified and userspace will -not know about the new attributes. - -This is important for device driver that need to publish additional -attributes for a device at driver probe time. If the device driver simply -calls device_create_file() on the device structure passed to it, then -userspace will never be notified of the new attributes. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/devres.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/devres.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 4ac99122b5f1..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/devres.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,414 +0,0 @@ -================================ -Devres - Managed Device Resource -================================ - -Tejun Heo - -First draft 10 January 2007 - -.. contents - - 1. Intro : Huh? Devres? - 2. Devres : Devres in a nutshell - 3. Devres Group : Group devres'es and release them together - 4. Details : Life time rules, calling context, ... - 5. Overhead : How much do we have to pay for this? - 6. List of managed interfaces: Currently implemented managed interfaces - - -1. Intro --------- - -devres came up while trying to convert libata to use iomap. Each -iomapped address should be kept and unmapped on driver detach. For -example, a plain SFF ATA controller (that is, good old PCI IDE) in -native mode makes use of 5 PCI BARs and all of them should be -maintained. - -As with many other device drivers, libata low level drivers have -sufficient bugs in ->remove and ->probe failure path. Well, yes, -that's probably because libata low level driver developers are lazy -bunch, but aren't all low level driver developers? After spending a -day fiddling with braindamaged hardware with no document or -braindamaged document, if it's finally working, well, it's working. - -For one reason or another, low level drivers don't receive as much -attention or testing as core code, and bugs on driver detach or -initialization failure don't happen often enough to be noticeable. -Init failure path is worse because it's much less travelled while -needs to handle multiple entry points. - -So, many low level drivers end up leaking resources on driver detach -and having half broken failure path implementation in ->probe() which -would leak resources or even cause oops when failure occurs. iomap -adds more to this mix. So do msi and msix. - - -2. Devres ---------- - -devres is basically linked list of arbitrarily sized memory areas -associated with a struct device. Each devres entry is associated with -a release function. A devres can be released in several ways. No -matter what, all devres entries are released on driver detach. On -release, the associated release function is invoked and then the -devres entry is freed. - -Managed interface is created for resources commonly used by device -drivers using devres. For example, coherent DMA memory is acquired -using dma_alloc_coherent(). The managed version is called -dmam_alloc_coherent(). It is identical to dma_alloc_coherent() except -for the DMA memory allocated using it is managed and will be -automatically released on driver detach. Implementation looks like -the following:: - - struct dma_devres { - size_t size; - void *vaddr; - dma_addr_t dma_handle; - }; - - static void dmam_coherent_release(struct device *dev, void *res) - { - struct dma_devres *this = res; - - dma_free_coherent(dev, this->size, this->vaddr, this->dma_handle); - } - - dmam_alloc_coherent(dev, size, dma_handle, gfp) - { - struct dma_devres *dr; - void *vaddr; - - dr = devres_alloc(dmam_coherent_release, sizeof(*dr), gfp); - ... - - /* alloc DMA memory as usual */ - vaddr = dma_alloc_coherent(...); - ... - - /* record size, vaddr, dma_handle in dr */ - dr->vaddr = vaddr; - ... - - devres_add(dev, dr); - - return vaddr; - } - -If a driver uses dmam_alloc_coherent(), the area is guaranteed to be -freed whether initialization fails half-way or the device gets -detached. If most resources are acquired using managed interface, a -driver can have much simpler init and exit code. Init path basically -looks like the following:: - - my_init_one() - { - struct mydev *d; - - d = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*d), GFP_KERNEL); - if (!d) - return -ENOMEM; - - d->ring = dmam_alloc_coherent(...); - if (!d->ring) - return -ENOMEM; - - if (check something) - return -EINVAL; - ... - - return register_to_upper_layer(d); - } - -And exit path:: - - my_remove_one() - { - unregister_from_upper_layer(d); - shutdown_my_hardware(); - } - -As shown above, low level drivers can be simplified a lot by using -devres. Complexity is shifted from less maintained low level drivers -to better maintained higher layer. Also, as init failure path is -shared with exit path, both can get more testing. - -Note though that when converting current calls or assignments to -managed devm_* versions it is up to you to check if internal operations -like allocating memory, have failed. Managed resources pertains to the -freeing of these resources *only* - all other checks needed are still -on you. In some cases this may mean introducing checks that were not -necessary before moving to the managed devm_* calls. - - -3. Devres group ---------------- - -Devres entries can be grouped using devres group. When a group is -released, all contained normal devres entries and properly nested -groups are released. One usage is to rollback series of acquired -resources on failure. For example:: - - if (!devres_open_group(dev, NULL, GFP_KERNEL)) - return -ENOMEM; - - acquire A; - if (failed) - goto err; - - acquire B; - if (failed) - goto err; - ... - - devres_remove_group(dev, NULL); - return 0; - - err: - devres_release_group(dev, NULL); - return err_code; - -As resource acquisition failure usually means probe failure, constructs -like above are usually useful in midlayer driver (e.g. libata core -layer) where interface function shouldn't have side effect on failure. -For LLDs, just returning error code suffices in most cases. - -Each group is identified by `void *id`. It can either be explicitly -specified by @id argument to devres_open_group() or automatically -created by passing NULL as @id as in the above example. In both -cases, devres_open_group() returns the group's id. The returned id -can be passed to other devres functions to select the target group. -If NULL is given to those functions, the latest open group is -selected. - -For example, you can do something like the following:: - - int my_midlayer_create_something() - { - if (!devres_open_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something, GFP_KERNEL)) - return -ENOMEM; - - ... - - devres_close_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something); - return 0; - } - - void my_midlayer_destroy_something() - { - devres_release_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something); - } - - -4. Details ----------- - -Lifetime of a devres entry begins on devres allocation and finishes -when it is released or destroyed (removed and freed) - no reference -counting. - -devres core guarantees atomicity to all basic devres operations and -has support for single-instance devres types (atomic -lookup-and-add-if-not-found). Other than that, synchronizing -concurrent accesses to allocated devres data is caller's -responsibility. This is usually non-issue because bus ops and -resource allocations already do the job. - -For an example of single-instance devres type, read pcim_iomap_table() -in lib/devres.c. - -All devres interface functions can be called without context if the -right gfp mask is given. - - -5. Overhead ------------ - -Each devres bookkeeping info is allocated together with requested data -area. With debug option turned off, bookkeeping info occupies 16 -bytes on 32bit machines and 24 bytes on 64bit (three pointers rounded -up to ull alignment). If singly linked list is used, it can be -reduced to two pointers (8 bytes on 32bit, 16 bytes on 64bit). - -Each devres group occupies 8 pointers. It can be reduced to 6 if -singly linked list is used. - -Memory space overhead on ahci controller with two ports is between 300 -and 400 bytes on 32bit machine after naive conversion (we can -certainly invest a bit more effort into libata core layer). - - -6. List of managed interfaces ------------------------------ - -CLOCK - devm_clk_get() - devm_clk_get_optional() - devm_clk_put() - devm_clk_hw_register() - devm_of_clk_add_hw_provider() - devm_clk_hw_register_clkdev() - -DMA - dmaenginem_async_device_register() - dmam_alloc_coherent() - dmam_alloc_attrs() - dmam_free_coherent() - dmam_pool_create() - dmam_pool_destroy() - -DRM - devm_drm_dev_init() - -GPIO - devm_gpiod_get() - devm_gpiod_get_index() - devm_gpiod_get_index_optional() - devm_gpiod_get_optional() - devm_gpiod_put() - devm_gpiod_unhinge() - devm_gpiochip_add_data() - devm_gpio_request() - devm_gpio_request_one() - devm_gpio_free() - -I2C - devm_i2c_new_dummy_device() - -IIO - devm_iio_device_alloc() - devm_iio_device_free() - devm_iio_device_register() - devm_iio_device_unregister() - devm_iio_kfifo_allocate() - devm_iio_kfifo_free() - devm_iio_triggered_buffer_setup() - devm_iio_triggered_buffer_cleanup() - devm_iio_trigger_alloc() - devm_iio_trigger_free() - devm_iio_trigger_register() - devm_iio_trigger_unregister() - devm_iio_channel_get() - devm_iio_channel_release() - devm_iio_channel_get_all() - devm_iio_channel_release_all() - -INPUT - devm_input_allocate_device() - -IO region - devm_release_mem_region() - devm_release_region() - devm_release_resource() - devm_request_mem_region() - devm_request_region() - devm_request_resource() - -IOMAP - devm_ioport_map() - devm_ioport_unmap() - devm_ioremap() - devm_ioremap_nocache() - devm_ioremap_wc() - devm_ioremap_resource() : checks resource, requests memory region, ioremaps - devm_iounmap() - pcim_iomap() - pcim_iomap_regions() : do request_region() and iomap() on multiple BARs - pcim_iomap_table() : array of mapped addresses indexed by BAR - pcim_iounmap() - -IRQ - devm_free_irq() - devm_request_any_context_irq() - devm_request_irq() - devm_request_threaded_irq() - devm_irq_alloc_descs() - devm_irq_alloc_desc() - devm_irq_alloc_desc_at() - devm_irq_alloc_desc_from() - devm_irq_alloc_descs_from() - devm_irq_alloc_generic_chip() - devm_irq_setup_generic_chip() - devm_irq_sim_init() - -LED - devm_led_classdev_register() - devm_led_classdev_unregister() - -MDIO - devm_mdiobus_alloc() - devm_mdiobus_alloc_size() - devm_mdiobus_free() - -MEM - devm_free_pages() - devm_get_free_pages() - devm_kasprintf() - devm_kcalloc() - devm_kfree() - devm_kmalloc() - devm_kmalloc_array() - devm_kmemdup() - devm_kstrdup() - devm_kvasprintf() - devm_kzalloc() - -MFD - devm_mfd_add_devices() - -MUX - devm_mux_chip_alloc() - devm_mux_chip_register() - devm_mux_control_get() - -PER-CPU MEM - devm_alloc_percpu() - devm_free_percpu() - -PCI - devm_pci_alloc_host_bridge() : managed PCI host bridge allocation - devm_pci_remap_cfgspace() : ioremap PCI configuration space - devm_pci_remap_cfg_resource() : ioremap PCI configuration space resource - pcim_enable_device() : after success, all PCI ops become managed - pcim_pin_device() : keep PCI device enabled after release - -PHY - devm_usb_get_phy() - devm_usb_put_phy() - -PINCTRL - devm_pinctrl_get() - devm_pinctrl_put() - devm_pinctrl_register() - devm_pinctrl_unregister() - -POWER - devm_reboot_mode_register() - devm_reboot_mode_unregister() - -PWM - devm_pwm_get() - devm_pwm_put() - -REGULATOR - devm_regulator_bulk_get() - devm_regulator_get() - devm_regulator_put() - devm_regulator_register() - -RESET - devm_reset_control_get() - devm_reset_controller_register() - -SERDEV - devm_serdev_device_open() - -SLAVE DMA ENGINE - devm_acpi_dma_controller_register() - -SPI - devm_spi_register_master() - -WATCHDOG - devm_watchdog_register_device() diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/driver.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/driver.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 11d281506a04..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/driver.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,223 +0,0 @@ -============== -Device Drivers -============== - -See the kerneldoc for the struct device_driver. - - -Allocation -~~~~~~~~~~ - -Device drivers are statically allocated structures. Though there may -be multiple devices in a system that a driver supports, struct -device_driver represents the driver as a whole (not a particular -device instance). - -Initialization -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -The driver must initialize at least the name and bus fields. It should -also initialize the devclass field (when it arrives), so it may obtain -the proper linkage internally. It should also initialize as many of -the callbacks as possible, though each is optional. - -Declaration -~~~~~~~~~~~ - -As stated above, struct device_driver objects are statically -allocated. Below is an example declaration of the eepro100 -driver. This declaration is hypothetical only; it relies on the driver -being converted completely to the new model:: - - static struct device_driver eepro100_driver = { - .name = "eepro100", - .bus = &pci_bus_type, - - .probe = eepro100_probe, - .remove = eepro100_remove, - .suspend = eepro100_suspend, - .resume = eepro100_resume, - }; - -Most drivers will not be able to be converted completely to the new -model because the bus they belong to has a bus-specific structure with -bus-specific fields that cannot be generalized. - -The most common example of this are device ID structures. A driver -typically defines an array of device IDs that it supports. The format -of these structures and the semantics for comparing device IDs are -completely bus-specific. Defining them as bus-specific entities would -sacrifice type-safety, so we keep bus-specific structures around. - -Bus-specific drivers should include a generic struct device_driver in -the definition of the bus-specific driver. Like this:: - - struct pci_driver { - const struct pci_device_id *id_table; - struct device_driver driver; - }; - -A definition that included bus-specific fields would look like -(using the eepro100 driver again):: - - static struct pci_driver eepro100_driver = { - .id_table = eepro100_pci_tbl, - .driver = { - .name = "eepro100", - .bus = &pci_bus_type, - .probe = eepro100_probe, - .remove = eepro100_remove, - .suspend = eepro100_suspend, - .resume = eepro100_resume, - }, - }; - -Some may find the syntax of embedded struct initialization awkward or -even a bit ugly. So far, it's the best way we've found to do what we want... - -Registration -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -:: - - int driver_register(struct device_driver *drv); - -The driver registers the structure on startup. For drivers that have -no bus-specific fields (i.e. don't have a bus-specific driver -structure), they would use driver_register and pass a pointer to their -struct device_driver object. - -Most drivers, however, will have a bus-specific structure and will -need to register with the bus using something like pci_driver_register. - -It is important that drivers register their driver structure as early as -possible. Registration with the core initializes several fields in the -struct device_driver object, including the reference count and the -lock. These fields are assumed to be valid at all times and may be -used by the device model core or the bus driver. - - -Transition Bus Drivers -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -By defining wrapper functions, the transition to the new model can be -made easier. Drivers can ignore the generic structure altogether and -let the bus wrapper fill in the fields. For the callbacks, the bus can -define generic callbacks that forward the call to the bus-specific -callbacks of the drivers. - -This solution is intended to be only temporary. In order to get class -information in the driver, the drivers must be modified anyway. Since -converting drivers to the new model should reduce some infrastructural -complexity and code size, it is recommended that they are converted as -class information is added. - -Access -~~~~~~ - -Once the object has been registered, it may access the common fields of -the object, like the lock and the list of devices:: - - int driver_for_each_dev(struct device_driver *drv, void *data, - int (*callback)(struct device *dev, void *data)); - -The devices field is a list of all the devices that have been bound to -the driver. The LDM core provides a helper function to operate on all -the devices a driver controls. This helper locks the driver on each -node access, and does proper reference counting on each device as it -accesses it. - - -sysfs -~~~~~ - -When a driver is registered, a sysfs directory is created in its -bus's directory. In this directory, the driver can export an interface -to userspace to control operation of the driver on a global basis; -e.g. toggling debugging output in the driver. - -A future feature of this directory will be a 'devices' directory. This -directory will contain symlinks to the directories of devices it -supports. - - - -Callbacks -~~~~~~~~~ - -:: - - int (*probe) (struct device *dev); - -The probe() entry is called in task context, with the bus's rwsem locked -and the driver partially bound to the device. Drivers commonly use -container_of() to convert "dev" to a bus-specific type, both in probe() -and other routines. That type often provides device resource data, such -as pci_dev.resource[] or platform_device.resources, which is used in -addition to dev->platform_data to initialize the driver. - -This callback holds the driver-specific logic to bind the driver to a -given device. That includes verifying that the device is present, that -it's a version the driver can handle, that driver data structures can -be allocated and initialized, and that any hardware can be initialized. -Drivers often store a pointer to their state with dev_set_drvdata(). -When the driver has successfully bound itself to that device, then probe() -returns zero and the driver model code will finish its part of binding -the driver to that device. - -A driver's probe() may return a negative errno value to indicate that -the driver did not bind to this device, in which case it should have -released all resources it allocated:: - - int (*remove) (struct device *dev); - -remove is called to unbind a driver from a device. This may be -called if a device is physically removed from the system, if the -driver module is being unloaded, during a reboot sequence, or -in other cases. - -It is up to the driver to determine if the device is present or -not. It should free any resources allocated specifically for the -device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field. - -If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place -it into a supported low-power state:: - - int (*suspend) (struct device *dev, pm_message_t state); - -suspend is called to put the device in a low power state:: - - int (*resume) (struct device *dev); - -Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state. - - -Attributes -~~~~~~~~~~ - -:: - - struct driver_attribute { - struct attribute attr; - ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *driver, char *buf); - ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char *buf, size_t count); - }; - -Device drivers can export attributes via their sysfs directories. -Drivers can declare attributes using a DRIVER_ATTR_RW and DRIVER_ATTR_RO -macro that works identically to the DEVICE_ATTR_RW and DEVICE_ATTR_RO -macros. - -Example:: - - DRIVER_ATTR_RW(debug); - -This is equivalent to declaring:: - - struct driver_attribute driver_attr_debug; - -This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the -driver's directory using:: - - int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *); - void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *); diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/index.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 9f85d579ce56..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/index.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -:orphan: - -============ -Driver Model -============ - -.. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 1 - - binding - bus - class - design-patterns - device - devres - driver - overview - platform - porting - -.. only:: subproject and html - - Indices - ======= - - * :ref:`genindex` diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/overview.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/overview.rst deleted file mode 100644 index d4d1e9b40e0c..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/overview.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,124 +0,0 @@ -============================= -The Linux Kernel Device Model -============================= - -Patrick Mochel - -Drafted 26 August 2002 -Updated 31 January 2006 - - -Overview -~~~~~~~~ - -The Linux Kernel Driver Model is a unification of all the disparate driver -models that were previously used in the kernel. It is intended to augment the -bus-specific drivers for bridges and devices by consolidating a set of data -and operations into globally accessible data structures. - -Traditional driver models implemented some sort of tree-like structure -(sometimes just a list) for the devices they control. There wasn't any -uniformity across the different bus types. - -The current driver model provides a common, uniform data model for describing -a bus and the devices that can appear under the bus. The unified bus -model includes a set of common attributes which all busses carry, and a set -of common callbacks, such as device discovery during bus probing, bus -shutdown, bus power management, etc. - -The common device and bridge interface reflects the goals of the modern -computer: namely the ability to do seamless device "plug and play", power -management, and hot plug. In particular, the model dictated by Intel and -Microsoft (namely ACPI) ensures that almost every device on almost any bus -on an x86-compatible system can work within this paradigm. Of course, -not every bus is able to support all such operations, although most -buses support most of those operations. - - -Downstream Access -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Common data fields have been moved out of individual bus layers into a common -data structure. These fields must still be accessed by the bus layers, -and sometimes by the device-specific drivers. - -Other bus layers are encouraged to do what has been done for the PCI layer. -struct pci_dev now looks like this:: - - struct pci_dev { - ... - - struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ - ... - }; - -Note first that the struct device dev within the struct pci_dev is -statically allocated. This means only one allocation on device discovery. - -Note also that that struct device dev is not necessarily defined at the -front of the pci_dev structure. This is to make people think about what -they're doing when switching between the bus driver and the global driver, -and to discourage meaningless and incorrect casts between the two. - -The PCI bus layer freely accesses the fields of struct device. It knows about -the structure of struct pci_dev, and it should know the structure of struct -device. Individual PCI device drivers that have been converted to the current -driver model generally do not and should not touch the fields of struct device, -unless there is a compelling reason to do so. - -The above abstraction prevents unnecessary pain during transitional phases. -If it were not done this way, then when a field was renamed or removed, every -downstream driver would break. On the other hand, if only the bus layer -(and not the device layer) accesses the struct device, it is only the bus -layer that needs to change. - - -User Interface -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -By virtue of having a complete hierarchical view of all the devices in the -system, exporting a complete hierarchical view to userspace becomes relatively -easy. This has been accomplished by implementing a special purpose virtual -file system named sysfs. - -Almost all mainstream Linux distros mount this filesystem automatically; you -can see some variation of the following in the output of the "mount" command:: - - $ mount - ... - none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) - ... - $ - -The auto-mounting of sysfs is typically accomplished by an entry similar to -the following in the /etc/fstab file:: - - none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 - -or something similar in the /lib/init/fstab file on Debian-based systems:: - - none /sys sysfs nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 - -If sysfs is not automatically mounted, you can always do it manually with:: - - # mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys - -Whenever a device is inserted into the tree, a directory is created for it. -This directory may be populated at each layer of discovery - the global layer, -the bus layer, or the device layer. - -The global layer currently creates two files - 'name' and 'power'. The -former only reports the name of the device. The latter reports the -current power state of the device. It will also be used to set the current -power state. - -The bus layer may also create files for the devices it finds while probing the -bus. For example, the PCI layer currently creates 'irq' and 'resource' files -for each PCI device. - -A device-specific driver may also export files in its directory to expose -device-specific data or tunable interfaces. - -More information about the sysfs directory layout can be found in -the other documents in this directory and in the file -Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/platform.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 334dd4071ae4..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/platform.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,246 +0,0 @@ -============================ -Platform Devices and Drivers -============================ - -See for the driver model interface to the -platform bus: platform_device, and platform_driver. This pseudo-bus -is used to connect devices on busses with minimal infrastructure, -like those used to integrate peripherals on many system-on-chip -processors, or some "legacy" PC interconnects; as opposed to large -formally specified ones like PCI or USB. - - -Platform devices -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Platform devices are devices that typically appear as autonomous -entities in the system. This includes legacy port-based devices and -host bridges to peripheral buses, and most controllers integrated -into system-on-chip platforms. What they usually have in common -is direct addressing from a CPU bus. Rarely, a platform_device will -be connected through a segment of some other kind of bus; but its -registers will still be directly addressable. - -Platform devices are given a name, used in driver binding, and a -list of resources such as addresses and IRQs:: - - struct platform_device { - const char *name; - u32 id; - struct device dev; - u32 num_resources; - struct resource *resource; - }; - - -Platform drivers -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Platform drivers follow the standard driver model convention, where -discovery/enumeration is handled outside the drivers, and drivers -provide probe() and remove() methods. They support power management -and shutdown notifications using the standard conventions:: - - struct platform_driver { - int (*probe)(struct platform_device *); - int (*remove)(struct platform_device *); - void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *); - int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); - int (*suspend_late)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); - int (*resume_early)(struct platform_device *); - int (*resume)(struct platform_device *); - struct device_driver driver; - }; - -Note that probe() should in general verify that the specified device hardware -actually exists; sometimes platform setup code can't be sure. The probing -can use device resources, including clocks, and device platform_data. - -Platform drivers register themselves the normal way:: - - int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv); - -Or, in common situations where the device is known not to be hot-pluggable, -the probe() routine can live in an init section to reduce the driver's -runtime memory footprint:: - - int platform_driver_probe(struct platform_driver *drv, - int (*probe)(struct platform_device *)) - -Kernel modules can be composed of several platform drivers. The platform core -provides helpers to register and unregister an array of drivers:: - - int __platform_register_drivers(struct platform_driver * const *drivers, - unsigned int count, struct module *owner); - void platform_unregister_drivers(struct platform_driver * const *drivers, - unsigned int count); - -If one of the drivers fails to register, all drivers registered up to that -point will be unregistered in reverse order. Note that there is a convenience -macro that passes THIS_MODULE as owner parameter:: - - #define platform_register_drivers(drivers, count) - - -Device Enumeration -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -As a rule, platform specific (and often board-specific) setup code will -register platform devices:: - - int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *pdev); - - int platform_add_devices(struct platform_device **pdevs, int ndev); - -The general rule is to register only those devices that actually exist, -but in some cases extra devices might be registered. For example, a kernel -might be configured to work with an external network adapter that might not -be populated on all boards, or likewise to work with an integrated controller -that some boards might not hook up to any peripherals. - -In some cases, boot firmware will export tables describing the devices -that are populated on a given board. Without such tables, often the -only way for system setup code to set up the correct devices is to build -a kernel for a specific target board. Such board-specific kernels are -common with embedded and custom systems development. - -In many cases, the memory and IRQ resources associated with the platform -device are not enough to let the device's driver work. Board setup code -will often provide additional information using the device's platform_data -field to hold additional information. - -Embedded systems frequently need one or more clocks for platform devices, -which are normally kept off until they're actively needed (to save power). -System setup also associates those clocks with the device, so that that -calls to clk_get(&pdev->dev, clock_name) return them as needed. - - -Legacy Drivers: Device Probing -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Some drivers are not fully converted to the driver model, because they take -on a non-driver role: the driver registers its platform device, rather than -leaving that for system infrastructure. Such drivers can't be hotplugged -or coldplugged, since those mechanisms require device creation to be in a -different system component than the driver. - -The only "good" reason for this is to handle older system designs which, like -original IBM PCs, rely on error-prone "probe-the-hardware" models for hardware -configuration. Newer systems have largely abandoned that model, in favor of -bus-level support for dynamic configuration (PCI, USB), or device tables -provided by the boot firmware (e.g. PNPACPI on x86). There are too many -conflicting options about what might be where, and even educated guesses by -an operating system will be wrong often enough to make trouble. - -This style of driver is discouraged. If you're updating such a driver, -please try to move the device enumeration to a more appropriate location, -outside the driver. This will usually be cleanup, since such drivers -tend to already have "normal" modes, such as ones using device nodes that -were created by PNP or by platform device setup. - -None the less, there are some APIs to support such legacy drivers. Avoid -using these calls except with such hotplug-deficient drivers:: - - struct platform_device *platform_device_alloc( - const char *name, int id); - -You can use platform_device_alloc() to dynamically allocate a device, which -you will then initialize with resources and platform_device_register(). -A better solution is usually:: - - struct platform_device *platform_device_register_simple( - const char *name, int id, - struct resource *res, unsigned int nres); - -You can use platform_device_register_simple() as a one-step call to allocate -and register a device. - - -Device Naming and Driver Binding -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The platform_device.dev.bus_id is the canonical name for the devices. -It's built from two components: - - * platform_device.name ... which is also used to for driver matching. - - * platform_device.id ... the device instance number, or else "-1" - to indicate there's only one. - -These are concatenated, so name/id "serial"/0 indicates bus_id "serial.0", and -"serial/3" indicates bus_id "serial.3"; both would use the platform_driver -named "serial". While "my_rtc"/-1 would be bus_id "my_rtc" (no instance id) -and use the platform_driver called "my_rtc". - -Driver binding is performed automatically by the driver core, invoking -driver probe() after finding a match between device and driver. If the -probe() succeeds, the driver and device are bound as usual. There are -three different ways to find such a match: - - - Whenever a device is registered, the drivers for that bus are - checked for matches. Platform devices should be registered very - early during system boot. - - - When a driver is registered using platform_driver_register(), all - unbound devices on that bus are checked for matches. Drivers - usually register later during booting, or by module loading. - - - Registering a driver using platform_driver_probe() works just like - using platform_driver_register(), except that the driver won't - be probed later if another device registers. (Which is OK, since - this interface is only for use with non-hotpluggable devices.) - - -Early Platform Devices and Drivers -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The early platform interfaces provide platform data to platform device -drivers early on during the system boot. The code is built on top of the -early_param() command line parsing and can be executed very early on. - -Example: "earlyprintk" class early serial console in 6 steps - -1. Registering early platform device data -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The architecture code registers platform device data using the function -early_platform_add_devices(). In the case of early serial console this -should be hardware configuration for the serial port. Devices registered -at this point will later on be matched against early platform drivers. - -2. Parsing kernel command line -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The architecture code calls parse_early_param() to parse the kernel -command line. This will execute all matching early_param() callbacks. -User specified early platform devices will be registered at this point. -For the early serial console case the user can specify port on the -kernel command line as "earlyprintk=serial.0" where "earlyprintk" is -the class string, "serial" is the name of the platform driver and -0 is the platform device id. If the id is -1 then the dot and the -id can be omitted. - -3. Installing early platform drivers belonging to a certain class -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The architecture code may optionally force registration of all early -platform drivers belonging to a certain class using the function -early_platform_driver_register_all(). User specified devices from -step 2 have priority over these. This step is omitted by the serial -driver example since the early serial driver code should be disabled -unless the user has specified port on the kernel command line. - -4. Early platform driver registration -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Compiled-in platform drivers making use of early_platform_init() are -automatically registered during step 2 or 3. The serial driver example -should use early_platform_init("earlyprintk", &platform_driver). - -5. Probing of early platform drivers belonging to a certain class -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The architecture code calls early_platform_driver_probe() to match -registered early platform devices associated with a certain class with -registered early platform drivers. Matched devices will get probed(). -This step can be executed at any point during the early boot. As soon -as possible may be good for the serial port case. - -6. Inside the early platform driver probe() -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The driver code needs to take special care during early boot, especially -when it comes to memory allocation and interrupt registration. The code -in the probe() function can use is_early_platform_device() to check if -it is called at early platform device or at the regular platform device -time. The early serial driver performs register_console() at this point. - -For further information, see . diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/porting.rst b/Documentation/driver-model/porting.rst deleted file mode 100644 index ae4bf843c1d6..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/porting.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,448 +0,0 @@ -======================================= -Porting Drivers to the New Driver Model -======================================= - -Patrick Mochel - -7 January 2003 - - -Overview - -Please refer to `Documentation/driver-model/*.rst` for definitions of -various driver types and concepts. - -Most of the work of porting devices drivers to the new model happens -at the bus driver layer. This was intentional, to minimize the -negative effect on kernel drivers, and to allow a gradual transition -of bus drivers. - -In a nutshell, the driver model consists of a set of objects that can -be embedded in larger, bus-specific objects. Fields in these generic -objects can replace fields in the bus-specific objects. - -The generic objects must be registered with the driver model core. By -doing so, they will exported via the sysfs filesystem. sysfs can be -mounted by doing:: - - # mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys - - - -The Process - -Step 0: Read include/linux/device.h for object and function definitions. - -Step 1: Registering the bus driver. - - -- Define a struct bus_type for the bus driver:: - - struct bus_type pci_bus_type = { - .name = "pci", - }; - - -- Register the bus type. - - This should be done in the initialization function for the bus type, - which is usually the module_init(), or equivalent, function:: - - static int __init pci_driver_init(void) - { - return bus_register(&pci_bus_type); - } - - subsys_initcall(pci_driver_init); - - - The bus type may be unregistered (if the bus driver may be compiled - as a module) by doing:: - - bus_unregister(&pci_bus_type); - - -- Export the bus type for others to use. - - Other code may wish to reference the bus type, so declare it in a - shared header file and export the symbol. - -From include/linux/pci.h:: - - extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type; - - -From file the above code appears in:: - - EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_bus_type); - - - -- This will cause the bus to show up in /sys/bus/pci/ with two - subdirectories: 'devices' and 'drivers':: - - # tree -d /sys/bus/pci/ - /sys/bus/pci/ - |-- devices - `-- drivers - - - -Step 2: Registering Devices. - -struct device represents a single device. It mainly contains metadata -describing the relationship the device has to other entities. - - -- Embed a struct device in the bus-specific device type:: - - - struct pci_dev { - ... - struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ - ... - }; - - It is recommended that the generic device not be the first item in - the struct to discourage programmers from doing mindless casts - between the object types. Instead macros, or inline functions, - should be created to convert from the generic object type:: - - - #define to_pci_dev(n) container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev) - - or - - static inline struct pci_dev * to_pci_dev(struct kobject * kobj) - { - return container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev); - } - - This allows the compiler to verify type-safety of the operations - that are performed (which is Good). - - -- Initialize the device on registration. - - When devices are discovered or registered with the bus type, the - bus driver should initialize the generic device. The most important - things to initialize are the bus_id, parent, and bus fields. - - The bus_id is an ASCII string that contains the device's address on - the bus. The format of this string is bus-specific. This is - necessary for representing devices in sysfs. - - parent is the physical parent of the device. It is important that - the bus driver sets this field correctly. - - The driver model maintains an ordered list of devices that it uses - for power management. This list must be in order to guarantee that - devices are shutdown before their physical parents, and vice versa. - The order of this list is determined by the parent of registered - devices. - - Also, the location of the device's sysfs directory depends on a - device's parent. sysfs exports a directory structure that mirrors - the device hierarchy. Accurately setting the parent guarantees that - sysfs will accurately represent the hierarchy. - - The device's bus field is a pointer to the bus type the device - belongs to. This should be set to the bus_type that was declared - and initialized before. - - Optionally, the bus driver may set the device's name and release - fields. - - The name field is an ASCII string describing the device, like - - "ATI Technologies Inc Radeon QD" - - The release field is a callback that the driver model core calls - when the device has been removed, and all references to it have - been released. More on this in a moment. - - -- Register the device. - - Once the generic device has been initialized, it can be registered - with the driver model core by doing:: - - device_register(&dev->dev); - - It can later be unregistered by doing:: - - device_unregister(&dev->dev); - - This should happen on buses that support hotpluggable devices. - If a bus driver unregisters a device, it should not immediately free - it. It should instead wait for the driver model core to call the - device's release method, then free the bus-specific object. - (There may be other code that is currently referencing the device - structure, and it would be rude to free the device while that is - happening). - - - When the device is registered, a directory in sysfs is created. - The PCI tree in sysfs looks like:: - - /sys/devices/pci0/ - |-- 00:00.0 - |-- 00:01.0 - | `-- 01:00.0 - |-- 00:02.0 - | `-- 02:1f.0 - | `-- 03:00.0 - |-- 00:1e.0 - | `-- 04:04.0 - |-- 00:1f.0 - |-- 00:1f.1 - | |-- ide0 - | | |-- 0.0 - | | `-- 0.1 - | `-- ide1 - | `-- 1.0 - |-- 00:1f.2 - |-- 00:1f.3 - `-- 00:1f.5 - - Also, symlinks are created in the bus's 'devices' directory - that point to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy:: - - /sys/bus/pci/devices/ - |-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0 - |-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0 - |-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0 - |-- 00:1e.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0 - |-- 00:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.0 - |-- 00:1f.1 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.1 - |-- 00:1f.2 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.2 - |-- 00:1f.3 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.3 - |-- 00:1f.5 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.5 - |-- 01:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0/01:00.0 - |-- 02:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0 - |-- 03:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0/03:00.0 - `-- 04:04.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0/04:04.0 - - - -Step 3: Registering Drivers. - -struct device_driver is a simple driver structure that contains a set -of operations that the driver model core may call. - - -- Embed a struct device_driver in the bus-specific driver. - - Just like with devices, do something like:: - - struct pci_driver { - ... - struct device_driver driver; - }; - - -- Initialize the generic driver structure. - - When the driver registers with the bus (e.g. doing pci_register_driver()), - initialize the necessary fields of the driver: the name and bus - fields. - - -- Register the driver. - - After the generic driver has been initialized, call:: - - driver_register(&drv->driver); - - to register the driver with the core. - - When the driver is unregistered from the bus, unregister it from the - core by doing:: - - driver_unregister(&drv->driver); - - Note that this will block until all references to the driver have - gone away. Normally, there will not be any. - - -- Sysfs representation. - - Drivers are exported via sysfs in their bus's 'driver's directory. - For example:: - - /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ - |-- 3c59x - |-- Ensoniq AudioPCI - |-- agpgart-amdk7 - |-- e100 - `-- serial - - -Step 4: Define Generic Methods for Drivers. - -struct device_driver defines a set of operations that the driver model -core calls. Most of these operations are probably similar to -operations the bus already defines for drivers, but taking different -parameters. - -It would be difficult and tedious to force every driver on a bus to -simultaneously convert their drivers to generic format. Instead, the -bus driver should define single instances of the generic methods that -forward call to the bus-specific drivers. For instance:: - - - static int pci_device_remove(struct device * dev) - { - struct pci_dev * pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev); - struct pci_driver * drv = pci_dev->driver; - - if (drv) { - if (drv->remove) - drv->remove(pci_dev); - pci_dev->driver = NULL; - } - return 0; - } - - -The generic driver should be initialized with these methods before it -is registered:: - - /* initialize common driver fields */ - drv->driver.name = drv->name; - drv->driver.bus = &pci_bus_type; - drv->driver.probe = pci_device_probe; - drv->driver.resume = pci_device_resume; - drv->driver.suspend = pci_device_suspend; - drv->driver.remove = pci_device_remove; - - /* register with core */ - driver_register(&drv->driver); - - -Ideally, the bus should only initialize the fields if they are not -already set. This allows the drivers to implement their own generic -methods. - - -Step 5: Support generic driver binding. - -The model assumes that a device or driver can be dynamically -registered with the bus at any time. When registration happens, -devices must be bound to a driver, or drivers must be bound to all -devices that it supports. - -A driver typically contains a list of device IDs that it supports. The -bus driver compares these IDs to the IDs of devices registered with it. -The format of the device IDs, and the semantics for comparing them are -bus-specific, so the generic model does attempt to generalize them. - -Instead, a bus may supply a method in struct bus_type that does the -comparison:: - - int (*match)(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv); - -match should return positive value if the driver supports the device, -and zero otherwise. It may also return error code (for example --EPROBE_DEFER) if determining that given driver supports the device is -not possible. - -When a device is registered, the bus's list of drivers is iterated -over. bus->match() is called for each one until a match is found. - -When a driver is registered, the bus's list of devices is iterated -over. bus->match() is called for each device that is not already -claimed by a driver. - -When a device is successfully bound to a driver, device->driver is -set, the device is added to a per-driver list of devices, and a -symlink is created in the driver's sysfs directory that points to the -device's physical directory:: - - /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ - |-- 3c59x - | `-- 00:0b.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0b.0 - |-- Ensoniq AudioPCI - |-- agpgart-amdk7 - | `-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0 - |-- e100 - | `-- 00:0c.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0c.0 - `-- serial - - -This driver binding should replace the existing driver binding -mechanism the bus currently uses. - - -Step 6: Supply a hotplug callback. - -Whenever a device is registered with the driver model core, the -userspace program /sbin/hotplug is called to notify userspace. -Users can define actions to perform when a device is inserted or -removed. - -The driver model core passes several arguments to userspace via -environment variables, including - -- ACTION: set to 'add' or 'remove' -- DEVPATH: set to the device's physical path in sysfs. - -A bus driver may also supply additional parameters for userspace to -consume. To do this, a bus must implement the 'hotplug' method in -struct bus_type:: - - int (*hotplug) (struct device *dev, char **envp, - int num_envp, char *buffer, int buffer_size); - -This is called immediately before /sbin/hotplug is executed. - - -Step 7: Cleaning up the bus driver. - -The generic bus, device, and driver structures provide several fields -that can replace those defined privately to the bus driver. - -- Device list. - -struct bus_type contains a list of all devices registered with the bus -type. This includes all devices on all instances of that bus type. -An internal list that the bus uses may be removed, in favor of using -this one. - -The core provides an iterator to access these devices:: - - int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, - void * data, int (*fn)(struct device *, void *)); - - -- Driver list. - -struct bus_type also contains a list of all drivers registered with -it. An internal list of drivers that the bus driver maintains may -be removed in favor of using the generic one. - -The drivers may be iterated over, like devices:: - - int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start, - void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *)); - - -Please see drivers/base/bus.c for more information. - - -- rwsem - -struct bus_type contains an rwsem that protects all core accesses to -the device and driver lists. This can be used by the bus driver -internally, and should be used when accessing the device or driver -lists the bus maintains. - - -- Device and driver fields. - -Some of the fields in struct device and struct device_driver duplicate -fields in the bus-specific representations of these objects. Feel free -to remove the bus-specific ones and favor the generic ones. Note -though, that this will likely mean fixing up all the drivers that -reference the bus-specific fields (though those should all be 1-line -changes). diff --git a/Documentation/eisa.txt b/Documentation/eisa.txt index f388545a85a7..c07565ba57da 100644 --- a/Documentation/eisa.txt +++ b/Documentation/eisa.txt @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ id_table an array of NULL terminated EISA id strings, (driver_data). driver a generic driver, such as described in - Documentation/driver-model/driver.rst. Only .name, + Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst. Only .name, .probe and .remove members are mandatory. =============== ==================================================== @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ state set of flags indicating the state of the device. Current flags are EISA_CONFIG_ENABLED and EISA_CONFIG_FORCED. res set of four 256 bytes I/O regions allocated to this device dma_mask DMA mask set from the parent device. -dev generic device (see Documentation/driver-model/device.rst) +dev generic device (see Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/device.rst) ======== ============================================================ You can get the 'struct eisa_device' from 'struct device' using the diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt index 5b5311f9358d..ddf15b1b0d5a 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ quick way to lookup the sysfs interface for a device from the result of a stat(2) operation. More information can driver-model specific features can be found in -Documentation/driver-model/. +Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/. TODO: Finish this section. diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/submitting-patches.rst b/Documentation/hwmon/submitting-patches.rst index d5b05d3e54ba..452fc28d8e0b 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/submitting-patches.rst +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/submitting-patches.rst @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ increase the chances of your change being accepted. console. Excessive logging can seriously affect system performance. * Use devres functions whenever possible to allocate resources. For rationale - and supported functions, please see Documentation/driver-model/devres.rst. + and supported functions, please see Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/devres.rst. If a function is not supported by devres, consider using devm_add_action(). * If the driver has a detect function, make sure it is silent. Debug messages diff --git a/Documentation/translations/zh_CN/filesystems/sysfs.txt b/Documentation/translations/zh_CN/filesystems/sysfs.txt index 452271dda141..ee1f37da5b23 100644 --- a/Documentation/translations/zh_CN/filesystems/sysfs.txt +++ b/Documentation/translations/zh_CN/filesystems/sysfs.txt @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ dev/ 包含两个子目录： char/ 和 block/。在这两个子目录中，有 中相应的设备。/sys/dev 提供一个通过一个 stat(2) 操作结果，查找 设备 sysfs 接口快捷的方法。 -更多有关 driver-model 的特性信息可以在 Documentation/driver-model/ +更多有关 driver-model 的特性信息可以在 Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/ 中找到。 diff --git a/drivers/base/platform.c b/drivers/base/platform.c index 713903290385..506a0175a5a7 100644 --- a/drivers/base/platform.c +++ b/drivers/base/platform.c @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ * Copyright (c) 2002-3 Patrick Mochel * Copyright (c) 2002-3 Open Source Development Labs * - * Please see Documentation/driver-model/platform.rst for more + * Please see Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/platform.rst for more * information. */ diff --git a/drivers/gpio/gpio-cs5535.c b/drivers/gpio/gpio-cs5535.c index 3611a0571667..53b24e3ae7de 100644 --- a/drivers/gpio/gpio-cs5535.c +++ b/drivers/gpio/gpio-cs5535.c @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ MODULE_PARM_DESC(mask, "GPIO channel mask."); /* * FIXME: convert this singleton driver to use the state container - * design pattern, see Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.rst + * design pattern, see Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/design-patterns.rst */ static struct cs5535_gpio_chip { struct gpio_chip chip; diff --git a/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ice/ice_main.c b/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ice/ice_main.c index 41c90f2ddb31..63db08d9bafa 100644 --- a/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ice/ice_main.c +++ b/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ice/ice_main.c @@ -2286,7 +2286,7 @@ ice_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id __always_unused *ent) struct ice_hw *hw; int err; - /* this driver uses devres, see Documentation/driver-model/devres.rst */ + /* this driver uses devres, see Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/devres.rst */ err = pcim_enable_device(pdev); if (err) return err; diff --git a/drivers/staging/unisys/Documentation/overview.txt b/drivers/staging/unisys/Documentation/overview.txt index 9ab30af265a5..f8a4144b239c 100644 --- a/drivers/staging/unisys/Documentation/overview.txt +++ b/drivers/staging/unisys/Documentation/overview.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ normally be unsharable, specifically: * visorinput - keyboard and mouse These drivers conform to the standard Linux bus/device model described -within Documentation/driver-model/, and utilize a driver named visorbus to +within Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/, and utilize a driver named visorbus to present the virtual busses involved. Drivers in the 'visor*' driver set are commonly referred to as "guest drivers" or "client drivers". All drivers except visorbus expose a device of a specific usable class to the Linux guest @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ called automatically by the visorbus driver at appropriate times: ----------------------------------- Because visorbus is a standard Linux bus driver in the model described in -Documentation/driver-model/, the hierarchy of s-Par virtual devices is +Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/, the hierarchy of s-Par virtual devices is published in the sysfs tree beneath /bus/visorbus/, e.g., /sys/bus/visorbus/devices/ might look like: diff --git a/include/linux/device.h b/include/linux/device.h index 5eabfa0c4dee..c330b75c6c57 100644 --- a/include/linux/device.h +++ b/include/linux/device.h @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ * Copyright (c) 2004-2009 Greg Kroah-Hartman * Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Novell Inc. * - * See Documentation/driver-model/ for more information. + * See Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/ for more information. */ #ifndef _DEVICE_H_ diff --git a/include/linux/platform_device.h b/include/linux/platform_device.h index beb25f277889..9bc36b589827 100644 --- a/include/linux/platform_device.h +++ b/include/linux/platform_device.h @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ * * Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Patrick Mochel * - * See Documentation/driver-model/ for more information. + * See Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/ for more information. */ #ifndef _PLATFORM_DEVICE_H_ diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/free/devm_free.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/free/devm_free.cocci index fefd0331a2de..441799b5359b 100644 --- a/scripts/coccinelle/free/devm_free.cocci +++ b/scripts/coccinelle/free/devm_free.cocci @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ /// functions. Values allocated using the devm_functions are freed when /// the device is detached, and thus the use of the standard freeing /// function would cause a double free. -/// See Documentation/driver-model/devres.rst for more information. +/// See Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/devres.rst for more information. /// /// A difficulty of detecting this problem is that the standard freeing /// function might be called from a different function than the one